Knight v Knight (1840): (1) Certainty of intention — the settlor must intend to create a trust (Re Adams and the Kensington Vestry (1884) — 'in full confidence' was not enough). (2) Certainty of subject matter — the trust property must be identifiable (Palmer v Simmonds (1854) — 'the bulk of my estate' too vague). (3) Certainty of objects — the beneficiaries must be ascertainable.