Hedges v. The Queen

Hedges v. The Queen
Court (s) Database
Tax Court of Canada Judgments
Date
2014-09-09
Neutral citation
2014 TCC 270
File numbers
2011-2703(GST)G
Judges and Taxing Officers
Campbell J. Miller
Subjects
Part IX of the Excise Tax Act (GST)
Decision Content
Docket: 2011-2703(GST)G
BETWEEN:
GERRY HEDGES,
Appellant,
and
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
Respondent.
Appeal heard on June 23, 24, 25, 27 and 30, 2014, at Vancouver, British Columbia
By: The Honourable Justice Campbell J. Miller
Appearances:
Counsel for the Appellant:
Alistair G. Campbell,
David M. Sherman
Counsel for the Respondent:
Lynn M. Burch, Christa Akey
JUDGMENT
The Appeal from the assessment made under the Excise Tax Act, for the periods of October 1, 2007 to December 31, 2007, October 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008, and October 1, 2009 to December 31, 2009, is dismissed.
The Parties shall provide the Court written submission on costs on or before October 31, 2014.
Signed at Ottawa, Canada, this 9th day of September 2014.
“Campbell J. Miller”
C. Miller J.
Citation: 2014 TCC 270
Date: 20140909
Docket: 2011-2703(GST)G
BETWEEN:
GERRY HEDGES,
Appellant,
and
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
Respondent.
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
C. Miller J.
[1] Mr. Hedges grew marihuana and sold it to the British Columbia Compassion Club Society (“BCCCS”) who in turn supplied it to its members. Mr. Hedges did not collect or remit Goods and Services Tax (“GST”) on his sales of the marihuana, agreed to be $110,732 in 2007, $114,016 in 2008, and $86,698 in 2009. Mr. Hedges was reassessed $14,968.43 (including interest and penalties) for not doing so. The issue in this Appeal is whether the marihuana sold by Mr. Hedges to the BCCCS was a zero-rated supply pursuant to Schedule VI‑I‑2(d) of the Excise Tax Act (the “Act”). It reads:
Schedule VI – Zero-Rated Supplies
2. A supply of any of the following drugs or substances:
d) a drug that contains a substance included in the schedule to the Narcotic Control Regulations, other than a drug or mixture of drugs that may be sold to a consumer without a prescription pursuant to the Controlled Drugs Substances Act or regulations made under that Act.
For supplies made after February 26, 2008 this provision was amended slightly to read:
d) a drug that contains a substances included in the schedule to the Narcotic Control Regulations other than a drug or mixture of drugs that may, pursuant to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act or regulations made under that Act, be sold to a consumer with neither a prescription nor an exemption by the Minister of Health in respect of the sale.
[2] There is no dispute with respect to the amounts of the GST assessments.
[3] Evidence in the trial focused on the issue of whether Mr. Hedges’ marihuana, which he labelled Po-Chi (after his dog) was a drug. This requires some clarification, as no doubt the person on the street would be perplexed to hear that marihuana is not a drug. The Respondent acknowledges that under the federal Food and Drugs Act (“FDA”) definition of marihuana, it may well be considered a drug. Yet, argues the Respondent, it is not a drug for purposes of the Act, given the interplay between the regulatory regime governing drugs and medical marihuana. It is important to look at that regime before turning to a review of the facts of Mr. Hedges’ sale of Po-Chi, and ultimately a determination as to whether Po-Chi is a drug, zero-rated under Schedule VI‑I-2 of the Act. The following are the pertinent provisions of that legislative regime including excerpts from the Excise Tax Act, Narcotic Control Regulations, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, Food and Drugs Act, Marihuana Medical Access Regulations and Marihuana Exemption (Food and Drugs Act) Regulations.
REGULATORY REGIME Excise Tax Act SCHEDULE VI
(Subsection 123(1))
ZERO-RATED SUPPLIES
PART 1
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS AND BIOLOGICALS
1. In this Part,
…
“prescription” means a written or verbal order, given to a pharmacist by a medical practitioner or authorized individual, directing that a stated amount of any drug or mixture of drugs specified in the order be dispensed for the individual named in the order.
2. A supply of any of the following drugs or substances:
(a) a drug included in Schedule C or D to the Food and Drugs Act,
(b) a drug that is set out on the list established under subsection 29.1(1) of the Food and Drugs Act or that belongs to a class of drugs set out on that list, other than a drug or mixture of drugs that may, under that Act or the Food and Drug Regulations, be sold to a consumer without a prescription,
(c) a drug or other substance included in the schedule to Part G of the Food and Drug Regulations,
(d) a drug that contains a substance included in the schedule to the Narcotic Control Regulations, other than a drug or mixture of drugs that may, pursuant to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act or regulations made under that Act, be sold to a consumer with neither a prescription nor an exemption by the Minister of Health in respect of the sale,
(d.1) a drug included in Schedule 1 to the Benzodiazepines and Other Targeted Substances Regulations,
(e) any of the following drugs, namely,
(i) Digoxin,
(ii) Digitoxin,
(iii) Prenylamine,
(iv) Deslanoside,
(v) Erythrityl tetranitrate,
(vi) Isosorbide dinitrate,
(vi.1) Isosorbide-5-mononitrate,
(vii) Nitroglycerine,
(viii) Quinidine and its salts,
(ix) Medical oxygen, and
(x) Epinephrine and its salts,
(f) a drug the supply of which is authorized under the Food and Drug Regulations for use in an emergency treatment, and
(g) plasma expander,
but not including a supply of a drug or substance when it is labelled or supplied for agricultural or veterinary use only.
3. A supply of a drug when the drug is for human use and is dispensed
(a) by a medical practitioner to an individual for the personal consumption or use of the individual or an individual related thereto; or
(b) on the prescription of a medical practitioner or authorized individual for the personal consumption or use of the individual named in the prescription.
Narcotic Control Regulations 2.1 In these Regulations “dried marihuana” means harvested marihuana that has been subjected to any drying process; “narcotic” means …, (a) any substance set out in the schedule…; 36.(1) Subject to subsection (2), a pharmacist may, without a prescription, sell or provide a preparation containing not more than 8 mg or its equivalent of codeine phosphate per tablet or per unit in other solid form or not more than 20 mg or its equivalent of codeine phosphate per 30 mL in a liquid preparation if (a) the preparation contains (i) two additional medicinal ingredients other than a narcotic in a quantity of not less than the regular minimum single dose for one such ingredient or one-half the regular minimum single dose for each such ingredient, or (ii) three additional medicinal ingredients other than a narcotic in a quantity of not less than the regular minimum single dose for one such ingredient or one-third the regular minimum single dose for each such ingredient; and (b) there is legibly and conspicuously printed on the inner label and the outer label, as those terms are defined in section A.01.010 of the Food and Drug Regulations, a caution to the following effect: “This preparation contains codeine and should not be administered to children except on the advice of a physician, dentist or nurse practitioner.” (2) No pharmacist shall sell or provide a preparation referred to in subsection (1) if the pharmacist has reasonable grounds to believe that the preparation is to be used for purposes other than recognized medical or dental purposes. SCHEDULE (Section 2) … 17. Cannabis, its preparations, derivatives and similar synthetic preparations, including: (1) Cannabis resin (2) Cannabis (marihuana) (3) Cannabidiol (2-[3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl- 2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol) (4) Cannabinol (3-n-amyl-6,6,9-trimethyl-6-dibenzo-pyran-1-ol) (5) Nabilone((±)-trans-3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-6,6a,7,8,- 10,10a-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-9H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-9-one) (6) Pyrahexyl (3-n-hexyl-6,6,9-trimethyl-7,8,9,10- tetrahydro-6-dibenzopyran-1-ol) (7) Tetrahydrocannabinol(tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3- pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol) (7.1) 3-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol (DMHP) but not including (8) Non-viable Cannabis seed, with the exception of its derivatives (9) Mature Cannabis stalks that do not include leaves, flowers, seeds or branches; and fiber derived from such stalks. Controlled Drugs and Substances Act INTERPRETATION
“controlled substance” means a substance included in Schedule I, II, III, IV or V;
…
PART I
OFFENCES AND PUNISHMENT
Particular Offences
4.(1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no personal shall possess a substance included in Schedule I, II or III.
…
7.(1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no personal shall produce a substance included in Schedule I, II, III or IV.
…
56. The Minister may, on such terms and conditions as the Minister deems necessary, exempt any person or class of persons or any controlled substance or precursor or any class thereof from the application of all or any of the provisions of this Act or the regulations if, in the opinion of the Minister, the exemption is necessary for a medical or scientific purpose or is otherwise in the public interest.
[4] Schedule I covers opium, codeine, morphine and another seven or eight pages of such drugs. Schedule II is the same schedule as section 2(17) of the Narcotic Control Regulations produced earlier (cannabis etc.).
Marihuana Medical Access Regulations (under Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Interpretation
“category 1 symptom” means any symptom treated within the context of compassionate end-of-life care or a symptom set out in column 1 of the schedule that is associated with a medical condition set out in column 2 or with the medical treatment of that condition.
“category 2 symptom” means a debilitating symptom that is associated with a medical condition or with the medical treatment of that condition and that is not a category 1 symptom.
…
“dried marihuana” means harvested marihuana that has been subjected to any drying process.
…
“marihuana” means the substance referred to as “Cannabis (marihuana)” in subitem 1(2) of Schedule II to the Act.
…
“medical purpose” means the purpose of mitigating a person’s category 1 or 2 symptoms identified in an application for an authorization to possess.
[5] The Marihuana Medical Access Regulations (“MMARs”) go on to provide a process for applying for an Authorization to Possess (“ATP”). This requires both an application from the individual, along with a “medical declaration” from a medical practitioner.
5(1) The declaration of the applicant under paragraph 4(2)(a) must indicate
…
(h) that the applicant
(i) is aware that the benefits and risks associated with the use of marihuana are not fully understood and that the use of marihuana may involve risks that have not yet been identified, and
(ii) accepts the risks associated with using marihuana;
6(1) The medical declaration under paragraph 4(2)(b) must indicate
(a) the medical practitioner’s name, business address and telephone number, facsimile transmission number and e-mail address if applicable, the province in which the practitioner is authorized to practise medicine and the number assigned by the province to that authorization;
(b) the name of the applicant, the applicant’s medical condition, the symptom that is associated with that condition or its treatment and that is the basis for the application and whether the symptom is a category 1 or 2 symptom;
(c) for the purpose of determining, under subsection 11(3), the maximum quantity of dried marihuana to be authorized, the daily amount of dried marihuana, in grams, and the form and route of administration that the applicant intends to use;
(d) the anticipated period of usage, if less than 12 months;
(e) that conventional treatments for the symptom have been tried or considered and have been found to be ineffective or medically inappropriate for the treatment of the applicant; and
(f) that the medical practitioner is aware that no notice of compliance has been issued under the Food and Drug Regulations concerning the safety and effectiveness of marihuana as a drug.
(2) In the case of a category 2 symptom, the medical declaration must also indicate
(a) if the medical practitioner making the medical declaration is a specialist, the practitioner’s area of specialization and that the area of specialization is relevant to the treatment of the applicant’s medical condition; and …
...
11(1) Subject to section 12, if the requirements of sections 4 to 10 are met, the Minister shall issue to the applicant an authorization to possess for the medical purpose mentioned in the application, and shall provide notice of the authorization to the medical practitioner who made the medical declaration under paragraph 4(2)(b).
(2) The authorization shall indicate
(a) the name, date of birth and gender of the holder of the authorization;
(b) the full address of the place where the holder ordinarily resides;
(c) the authorization number;
(d) the name of the medical practitioner who made the medical declaration under paragraph 4(2)(b);
(e) the maximum quantity of dried marihuana, in grams, that the holder may possess at any time;
(f) the date of issue; and
(g) the date of expiry.
(3) The maximum quantity of dried marihuana referred to in paragraph (2)(e) or resulting from an amendment under subsection 20(1) is the amount determined according to the following formula:
A × 30
where A
is the daily amount of dried marihuana, in grams, stated under paragraph 6(1)(c) or subparagraph 19(2)(d)(i), whichever applies.
[6] There is also provision in the MMARs to apply for a licence to produce marihuana.
70.2 A licensed dealer producing dried marihuana under contract with Her Majesty in right of Canada may provide or send that marihuana to the holder of an authorization to possess.
70.3 A pharmacist, as defined in section 2 of the Narcotic Control Regulations, may provide dried marihuana produced by a licensed dealer under contract with Her Majesty in right of Canada to the holder of an authorization to possess.
70.4 A medical practitioner who has obtained dried marihuana from a licensed dealer under subsection 24(2) of the Narcotic Control Regulations may provide the marihuana to the holder of an authorization to possess under the practitioner’s care.
70.5 The Minister may sell or provide dried marihuana produced in accordance with section 70.2 to the holder of an authorization to possess.
[7] On an applicant’s form for an ATP the Applicant must declare:
I am aware that a notice of compliance has not been issued under the Food and Drug Regulations concerning the safety and effectiveness of marihuana as a drug. I understand the significance of this fact. I am aware that the benefits and risks associated with the use of marihuana are not fully understood and that the use of marihuana may involve risks that have not been identified; and I accept those risks.
[8] On the medical practitioner’s certificate it is stated:
Health Canada’s examination of the current available information suggests most individuals use an average daily amount of one gram to three grams of dried marihuana for medical purposes, whether it is taken orally, or inhaled or a combination of both.
(a) the proposed daily amount of dried marihuana is less than or equal to _____ grams; and
(b) the following method and form of administration (please check appropriate box):
___ inhalation ___ oral
The medical practitioner must also declare:
I am aware that a notice of compliance has not been issued under the Food and Drug Regulations concerning the safety and effectiveness of marihuana as a drug.
Food and Drugs Act “drug” includes any substance or mixture of substances manufactured, sold or represented for use in
(a) the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation or prevention of a disease, disorder or abnormal physical state, or its symptoms, in human beings or animals,
(b) restoring, correcting or modifying organic functions in human beings or animals, or
(c) disinfection in premises in which food is manufactured, prepared or kept;
…
PART 1
FOODS, DRUGS, COSMETICS AND DEVICES
General
3.(1) No person shall advertise any food, drug, cosmetic or device to the general public as a treatment, preventative or cure for any of the diseases, disorders or abnormal physical states referred to in Schedule A.
(2) No person shall sell any food, drug, cosmetic or device
(a) that is represented by label, or
(b) that the person advertises to the general public
as a treatment, preventative or cure for any of the diseases, disorders or abnormal physical states referred to in Schedule A.
…
8. No person shall sell any drug that
(a) was manufactured, prepared, preserved, packaged or stored under unsanitary conditions; or
(b) is adulterated.
…
12. No person shall sell any drug described in Schedule C or D unless the Minister has, in prescribed form and manner, indicated that the premises in which the drug was manufactured and the process and conditions of manufacture therein are suitable to ensure that the drug will not be unsafe for use.
13. No person shall sell any drug described in Schedule E unless the Minister has, in prescribed form and manner, indicated that the batch from which the drug was taken is not unsafe for use.
…
29.1(1) Subject to the regulations, the Minister may establish a list that sets out prescription drugs, classes of prescription drugs or both.
…
SCHEDULE C
(Section 12)
Drugs, other than radionuclides, sold or represented for use in the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals
Radiopharmaceuticals
SCHEDULE D
(Section 12)
Allergenic substances used for the treatment or diagnosis of allergic or immunological diseases
Anterior pituitary extracts
Aprotinin
Blood and blood derivatives, except cord blood and peripheral blood that are a source of lymphohematopoietic cells for transplantation
Cholecystokinin
Drugs obtained by recombinant DNA procedures
Drugs, other than antibiotics, prepared from micro-organisms
Glucagon
Gonadotrophins
Human plasma collected by plasmapheresis
Immunizing agents
Insulin
Interferon
Monoclonal antibodies, their conjugates and derivatives
Secretin
Snake Venom
Urokinase
Marihuana Exemption (Food and Drugs Act) Regulations (since repealed) Exemptions
2. Marihuana is exempt from the application of the Food and Drugs Act and the regulations made under it, other than these Regulations, if it is produced:
(a) under contract with Her Majesty in right of Canada; or
(b) under a designated-person production licence, as defined in subsection 1(1) of the Marihuana Medical Access Regulations.
FOOD AND DRUG REGULATIONS “prescription drug” means a drug that is set out in the Prescription Drug List, as amended from time to time, or a drug that is part of a class of drugs that is set out in it;
“Prescription Drug List” means the list established by the Minister under section 29.1 of the Act;
[9] The FDA and the Food and Drug Regulations (“Regulations”) provide the regulatory review and monitoring process for drugs. Drugs that are approved will receive a drug identification number (“DIN”) and after 1963, a Notice of Compliance (“NOC”). There are requirements for approval and requirements for labelling and access. If approved there are also ongoing reporting requirements.
[10] The Respondent called Mr. Ormsby, an official with the Therapeutic Products Directorate of Health Canada’s Health Products and Food Division. Mr. Ormsby described the process for approval of a drug pursuant to the FDA and Regulations to ensure the safety and efficacy of the drug. Clinical trials would be run to make that determination. The Directorate also evaluated the quality of the drug, how it is made and quality of the manufacturing practices. If the application for approval of a new drug is successful, the drug will receive a NOC and DIN. Dried marihuana has never been submitted for such an approval, though an extract for cancer treatment has been approved.
[11] With the introduction of the MMARs it was necessary for Health Canada to amend the FDA and Regulations to allow dried marihuana to be sold in a legal manner, as Mr. Ormsby put it. But he testified only dried marihuana from a contract with Her Majesty or through a licensed producer would be exempt under the FDA, but such exemption did not extend to other forms.
FACTS REGARDING MR. HEDGES’ MARIHUANA [12] With that regulatory background, I now turn to the facts of Mr. Hedges’ sale of Po-Chi to the BCCCS.
[13] Mr. Hedges has been growing marihuana on Gabriola Island since 1988‑89. Initially it was solely for his own use to control pain arising as a result of having been born with a deformed hip. While there is no medical evidence of Mr. Hedges’ condition, I believe him that he suffered pain and that the marihuana assisted him in relieving the pain.
[14] In 1998, Mr. Hedges heard an interview on CBC with Ms. Black, the Founder of the BCCCS. He believed he could help her organization by supplying his marihuana, which at that time was cannabis sativa. However, he acquired some seeds in 2000 for a different marihuana plant, cannabis indica, and found it produced a less lethargic, more uplifting effect. Since that time, he has grown cannabis indica and that is the marihuana he provided to the BCCCS in the years in issue. He named his product Po-Chi. He did not hold any authority under the MMARs.
[15] Mr. Hedges described in some detail the growing process. It consisted of three stages: the clone stage, the leaf stage and the final or bud stage. During the years in issue he had approximately 60 to 80 plants in the bud stage, 40 to 50 in leaf stage and 30 or so plants in the clone stage. This enabled him to make monthly supplies to the BCCCS yielding sales of just over $300,000 for the periods in issues. He sold exclusively to the BCCCS.
[16] Mr. Hedges’ operation on Gabriola Island took place in his workshop. The marihuana plants were kept in three sealed rooms, one for each stage. There were different conditions in the three rooms; for example, fluorescent lighting in the leaf room versus high pressure sodium lighting in the bud room, encouraging flower production. In the bud room the plants matured to the point of readiness for harvesting. The buds, the flower portion, were placed in trays with warm air passing over them to dry them out, making the product appropriate for smoking. Fans were used in all three rooms, some vented to the outside, some not.
[17] The plants would be tended twice daily, providing proper nutrients and watering, as well as inspecting for mold. Mr. Hedges had a partner, Mr. Hobson, who was more hands on in this regard than Mr. Hedges, who described himself as being more in charge of quality control.
[18] Mr. Hedges was cross-examined on the cleanliness of the operation as there were dozens of photographs, some found in Mr. Hobson’s computer, many taken by the police at a January 2010 raid on the premises (more on that later). The overall impression left by the photos was of a somewhat ramshackle workshop, far from spotlessly clean. It appeared messy, with tarps covering some portions of some of the outbuildings. There appears to have been a main cabin with other buildings in this wooded area of Gabriola Island: one of the buildings was a workshop where the marihuana was cultivated.
[19] Mr. Hedges claimed to have used filtered rain water, cleaning the filter a few times per year, though acknowledged the water was never tested. Plants would be fertilized and also treated with fungicides as well as being sprayed with hydrogen peroxide and water. He acknowledged that he did not sterilize his clothing or use covers for his footwear, though would occasionally use plastic gloves to keep resin off his fingers.
[20] Mr. Hedges never got an ATP certificate from the Government of Canada and also never became a licensed producer.
[21] In January 2010 there was a police raid at Mr. Hedges’ property. Prior to that he and Mr. Hobson had shut down the operation, leaving only two marihuana plants. Several root balls of plants were put onto a compost heap. Mr. Hedges testified he restarted cultivating Po-Chi from these root balls.
[22] In 2014, Mr. Hedges and Ms. Black mailed two samples of cannabis to Experchem Laboratories Inc. for testing. One sample was Mr. Hedges’ Po-Chi and the other was a Health Canada approved cannabis obtained from a BCCCS member with an ATP.
BCCCS [23] I turn now to a review of the BCCCS founded by Hilary Black in 1997, incorporated as a society in 1998. Ms. Black indicated the BCCCS was established to create a legal environment for those who needed medicinal marihuana and to ensure access to an uncontaminated safe product.
[24] To become a member of the BCCCS an individual had to provide a practitioner’s certificate (practitioners included physicians, dentist, naturopaths and practitioners of Chinese medicine). This form is a confirmation of a diagnosis by the doctor and a description of the symptoms. The BCCCS developed a list of afflictions for which Ms. Black said evidence showed cannabis was efficacious. If the practitioner identified such an affliction the individual would become a member, unless the practitioner indicated cannabis was not recommended for medical reasons. If the practitioner simply indicated cannabis was not recommended for legal reasons, the individual would still become a member.
[25] Once BCCCS received the practitioner’s certificate it would contact the practitioner to confirm he or she signed the form and understood his or her patient was becoming a member to access cannabis. The BCCCS would also confirm the doctor was in good standing.
[26] Once a member, the individual would receive a one-on-one orientation to the program. This was explained by Ms. Nestegard, a registered professional counsellor, who worked for BCCCS. At the orientation the staff member would go over the diagnosis and symptoms with the new member, discuss the history of cannabis use, determine if there are any allergies and find out what prescription drugs were being taken. The member would complete a registration and receive a package including a document of Rights and Responsibilities of members and a membership card. The document stipulated limits may be imposed on the use of cannabis and that the cannabis was for personal use only. The BCCCS would keep track of quantities sold through a software program. It limited members to five grams per day, acknowledging that would be the high end of use. Members also received a tracking log.
[27] It was possible for a member to arrange for a caregiver to attend the BCCCS dispensary on his or her behalf or acquire the product through a mail out, although my impression was the vast majority of members attended personally to acquire the cannabis. The dispensary would have a menu indicating different brands such as Po-Chi, as well as different forms: edible form for example. Members would experiment with different brands ultimately determining what was most effective for their particular needs. Staff members dispensing are, according to a BCCCS website: “well informed of the strains and products being distributed in order to support members with the most efficacious selection.” In the periods in question, there were approximately 6000 members, 3500 of whom were considered active.
[28] An administrator and purchaser for BCCCS, Mr. Vandebeek, testified with respect to the acquisition of cannabis from the cultivators. To become a cultivator, such as Mr. Hedges, a sample would be provided to BCCCS and staff members and regular members would sample it to get a consensus as to strength, effect, cleanliness and burn. Staff members would sample first to ensure it was not dangerous for someone with a medical condition. If this proved satisfactory, a larger sample would be requested to undergo lab testing (for bacteria, e-coli, fecal content, yeast, mold etc.). Tests would occur every six months, or once the brand had a proven record, tests would be done annually.
[29] If the cannabis passed muster at the test, the cultivator would be interviewed. A letter outlining the terms of the arrangement is provided to the cultivator, who would start with a three month probation period. While the BCCCS could make spot inspections of the cultivator’s operation, it seldom did: it did not inspect Mr. Hedges’ operation.
[30] Once a cultivator is accepted as a supplier, when the cultivator brings cannabis to the BCCCS, as Mr. Hedges did monthly, it will be examined, weighed and a purchase order would be completed. No invoice was received from the cultivator.
[31] Five BCCCS members tested as to their affliction, their use of Po-Chi and its therapeutic effect. It is unnecessary to go into the detail of each member’s testimony. There were common themes. The ailments included debilitating neuropathy, HIV, chronic gastro-intestinal issues causing nausea, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, depression, severe migraines and degenerative disc diseases. All members had sought mainstream medical help, including taking prescribed drugs. One member listed five or more prescription drugs she previously had taken, along with a greater number to deal with side effects. All members failed to obtain significant relief from such treatments.
[32] For all of the members testifying a doctor had completed the practitioner’s form to allow them to become members of the BCCCS.
[33] All of them acquired Po-Chi and ingested it in different forms, and all of them were positive in describing the relief it provided, either from pain or nausea. As one member put it, it allowed her to get past the pain and live a normal life.
[34] Two members also had ATPs. For one, her doctor recommended 2.5 grams per day, though she continued to prefer acquiring Po-Chi through the BCCCS.
Expert Report [35] I accepted the expert report of Dr. J. Page, an adjunct professor with the Botany Department at University of British Columbia, though I had parts of his report redacted after having heard his qualifications. Specifically, I was not prepared to receive his opinion on whether Po-Chi was a drug, a legal issue for me to decide.
[36] However, Dr. Page’s testimony was necessary to give me an understanding of the botany of cannabis and to interpret the lab results of the two samples provided to Experchem Laboratories Inc. in 2014. Dr. Page indicated at the outset of his report cannabis has been used as a medicine for millennia.
[37] There are biological categories for cannabis and functional categories. The latter are more commonly known. They are hemp and marihuana; the former grown for its industrial use and the latter with a high Tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) to Cannabidiol (“CBD”) proportion, grown for medical or social use.
[38] Biologically the genus cannabis has two major species: sativa and indica. Dr. Page referred to a third category though this seemed insignificant for purposes of these Reasons. The sativa and indica cannabis plants differ in their look with sativa being taller and thinner and indica being shorter, squat with a darker green colour. They also differ in their effect: one with more uplifting properties and the other more sedative. There could also be hybrids.
[39] Plants may have required names or cultivars. However, given the history of marihuana this has not occurred and instead growers have developed strains, and simply provided their own brand name like Po-Chi. Dr. Page suggested there could be thousands of strains.
[40] The female flowers of the marihuana plant contain chemicals: cannabinoids (110 of them, though THC and CBD make up 95% to 98% of the cannabinoids) and terpenes, a group of chemicals found in many plants, unlike cannabinoids which are only found in cannabis. Different strains will have different combinations of terpenes, which affect odour, as well as having different proportions of THC and CBD. THC is the principle psychoactive cannabinoid. It reacts with specific cannabinoid receptors in humans causing pharmalogical effects. Depending on the degree of content of THC and CBD, the cannabis plant is classified as Chemotype 1 (high THC to CBD), Chemotype 2 (equal in proportions) and Chemotype 3 (low THC to high CBD). Marihuana is most often Chemotype 1.
[41] In 2007 to 2009, a strain known as MS-17/338 was available from Health Canada through the MMARs. This strain evolved from seeds formerly seized by authorities. Health Canada attempted to find a middle of the road strain: MS‑17/338 had a THC to CBD rating of 12.5% plus or minus 2% THC to less than .5% CBD. Health Canada has since approved 58 strains and Dr. Page surmised there could eventually be several hundred strains.
[42] With respect to the comparison of the two samples submitted in 2014 to Experchem Laboratories Inc. for testing, Dr. Page described them as both Chemotype 1. He described the Po-Chi as similar to the Health Canada approved 58 strains. He did acknowledge a profile can change over time depending on the nature and nurture of the plant, and the post-harvest treatment. He opined that, while difficult to know for certain without detailed knowledge of all surrounding conditions, it is possible marihuana could be cultivated by vegetative propagation from a root ball of cannabis plant.
[43] Health Canada charged consumers GST on marihuana supplied pursuant to the MMARs.
Issue [44] There are four questions to answer to determine whether Po-Chi is zero‑rated pursuant to the Act:
1) What is Po-Chi? I conclude Po-Chi is dried marihuana.
2) Is dried marihuana a drug as that term is used in Schedule VI-I-2(d) of the Act? I conclude dried marihuana sold for use in therapeutic treatment is such a drug.
3) Does it contain cannabis or THC? I conclude it does.
4) Is it a drug that can be obtained pursuant to the MMARs without a prescription or exemption? I conclude it is and therefore is specifically carved out of the category of drugs that are zero-rated.
1) What is Po-Chi?
[45] Mr. Hedges described his marihuana cultivation process in some detail. I find his plants were cannabis and that part of the process was a drying stage to end up with dried marihuana. I am satisfied that what he produced was dried marihuana as that term is defined in the MMARs.
2) Is dried marihuana a drug as that term is used in Schedule VI-I-2(d) of the Act?
[46] The Respondent argues that for a drug to qualify as a drug, zero-rated, under Schedule VI-I-2(d) of the Act it must be a substance approved by Health Canada as a therapeutic product accessible to Canadians by prescription.
[47] The Appellant took me through several alternative definitions of drug, from the man on the street definition to dictionary definitions, recognizing however that, given the recreational use of marihuana, I should explore the definition more studiously.
[48] I was referred to the Robitaille v. Quebec[1] case, a Quebec sales tax assessment case where the court ruled:
Thus, the legislative intent of these provisions is not the zero-rating of drugs such as cocaine, but the zero-rating of medications, that is to say, drugs within the meaning of the Food and Drugs Act, which contain narcotics and are prescribed by a physician.
The Appellant suggests that even if the Robitaille case adds the element of being sold for use as medication to the definition of drug, that definition is still met in this case. What the Appellant objects to is the addition of the need for a “prescription” to qualify as a drug for purposes of Schedule VI-I-2(d) of the Act. Ultimately, the Appellant’s position is that the definition in the FDA is appropriate, though perhaps with the injection of an element of bona fides in the representation of the use for therapeutic purposes (precluding marihuana for recreational use, masked as being used for medical purposes).
[49] I take from the Parties’ submissions that both might accept the FDA definition of drug as a starting point, but with the Respondent suggesting an additional requirement that it must be approved under the FDA and accessible by prescription, and the Appellant suggesting an element of bona fides as described earlier.
[50] Textually, the word drug in Schedule VI-I-2(d) of the Act can be afforded any of the definitions suggested by the Appellant. I agree though with the Parties that an appropriate starting point is the FDA. Several provisions in Schedule VI‑I-2(d) of the Act refer to the FDA. It is that Act that governs the review and approval of drugs generally to assure the public of their safety and effectiveness. It is that Act which identifies drugs as the type of substance that should undergo a review process, not one that has successfully undergone the review process, culminating with a NOC.
[51] This is made quite clear in the applications by those seeking an ATP and those practitioner’s completing their medical declaration, both pursuant to the MMARs. They are required to declare or acknowledge that they are “aware no notice of compliance has been issued under the Food and Drugs Regulations concerning the safety and effectiveness of marihuana as a drug.”
[52] While the MMARs are regulations enacted under the auspices of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, clearly these regulations recognize the role of the FDA and Regulations in addressing safety and effectiveness. I conclude it is appropriate to import the FDA definition of drug into these regulations.
[53] So, for purposes of not only the FDA and Regulations but also the MMARs, I would accept the FDA definition of drug as governing. I would also accept that definition as the most appropriate textual definition in Schedule VI‑I‑2(d) of the Act.
[54] Does a contextual and purposive analysis stretch that definition to impose requirements of approval by Health Canada and accessible by prescription? Look at some of Schedule VI-I-2(d)’s neighbours, starting with Schedule VI‑I-2(f) of the Act: “A drug included in Schedule C or D to the Food and Drug Act”. I turn to Schedules C and D and there is a list of drugs from aprotinin to urokinase: the list means nothing to me. The only reference in the FDA to Schedule C and D is section 12 which reads:
12. No person shall sell any drug described in Schedule C or D unless the Minister has, in prescribed form and manner, indicated that the premises in which the drug was manufactured and the process and conditions of manufacture therein are suitable to ensure that the drug will not be unsafe for use.
[55] The list in Schedule D does not state these drugs have received an indication from the Minister of Health required by section 12, just that they cannot be sold without such indication. Mr. Ormsby suggesting to me all such drugs on the list are approved by Health Canada, does not somehow change the Schedule D list to something it is not: an approved list as opposed to a list requiring some form of approval. It is more accurate to say this is a list of drugs required to be approved before they can be sold. Division D of the Regulations set out requirements regarding Schedule D drugs with respect to their fabrication, packaging, testing, labelling, etc.
[56] Similar comments can be made with respect to Schedule VI-I-2(c) of the Act, drugs on the Schedule to Part G of the Regulations. Again, the schedule lists such drugs as amphetamines, barbiturates, and steroids. Likewise there are Regulations imposing requirements on the drugs on the list, but I do not interpret that as turning the schedule into a list of approved drugs, as Mr. Ormsby might suggest. This becomes somewhat circuitous in that if on the list, but not approved, they cannot be sold legally. If they cannot be sold legally do they fall outside the FDA definition of drug. I do not believe so.
[57] Sc