METROPOLITAN EXHIBITION COMPANY v. WARD

METROPOLITAN EXHIBITION COMPANY v. WARD. N. Y. Supreme Court, First District, Chambers; January, 1890. 1. Injunction ; contract for personal services.] While a distinction is observed between affirmative and negative covenants in an agreement for personal services, and while a court may not possess the power to compel a person to render services which he has agreed to perform, yet when he has stipulated not to work for another, the court can and will in a proper case prevent his doing so. 2. The same; when court will not grant preliminary injunction,'] The court will not, however, grant an injunction pendente lite, if there exists a reasonable doubt as to the probability of the plaintiff’s finally succeeding upon the trial of the action. Where the action is brought to enjoin a party under a contract for personal services, from giving his services to another, such injunction will not be granted if the contract is wanting in definiteness or mutuality, or is obscure and ambiguous. A contract in which one parly is sought to be bound for a long period and the other side reserves to itself the right to terminate the obligation on 10 days’ notice, is harsh and inequitable, and a court of equity will not aid in its enforcement. 3. Contracts; interpretation ; use of word “reserve.”] A contract of hiring entered into between a base ball club and a professional player, contained a provision whereby it was understood and agreed that the club should have the right to “reserve” the contracting player for the season next ensuing the immediate term embraced by the contract.—Held, that the word “ reservé ” was used in the sense of “ to hold, to keep for future use;” and that under such clause of reservation, the player was prohibited, unless released, from contracting with or playing for any other club. 4. The same; indefiniteness of eontraet.] Such contract in addition to the “ reserve clause ” further provided that the right of reserve was conditioned upon the payment by the club to the player of a certain salary, and that if reserved, the player should be one of not more than a certain number then under contract; also, that the club might at any time, by giving the player ten days’ notice of its option and intention so to do, end and terminate all its obligations under the contract, and that in such an event the player should have no further claim for wages.—Held, that the contract was indefinite and uncertain in failing to provide the terms and conditions of the contract to be made for the ensuing season in the following respects, viz.: that it might be claimed that the provisions of the present contract should be incorporated into the renewal including the “ reserve” clause, which would be inequitable; and further, that the club might by the terms of the option granted so exercise it as to prevent the player from performing services at all, and thus prevent him from earning the wages agreed upon. Motion for an injunction. The plaintiff, the Metropolitan Exhibition Company, is a corporation organized for the giving and holding of exhibitions and entertainments, for the amusement of the public, its principal business since its organization having been to give, under the name and style of the "New York Ball Club, exhibitions of the game of base ball for which contracts and arrangements were entered into between plaintiff and other similar clubs throughout the country, for the purpose of playing with such other clubs continuous series of games of base ball. To these exhibitions the public were admitted upon the payment of an entrance fee. On April 23, 1889, the plaintiff entered into a contract with the defendant, John M. Ward, a skilled and experienced base ball player, whereby for and in consideration of the sum of $2,000, it was agreed among other things, that the defendant should perform such duties pertaining to the exhibition of the game of base ball as might be required of him by plaintiff, at such times and places as plaintiff might designate, for the period of seven months commencing on the first day of April, 1889, and ending on the thirty-first day of October, 1889, inclusive. The contract also contained a provision giving to plaintiff the right on certain conditions to “ reserve” the defendant for the next ensuing season. A further and supplemental contract making provision for the salary of defendant in case he should be reserved, was also executed and made a part of the main contract. The defendant performed the services required of him for the season of 1889. At the close of 'the season he entered into negotiations for connecting himself with another organization similar to the plaintiff’s, for the ensuing season, and gave it out that he would discontinue to play with the plaintiff’s organization. The plaintiff: thereupon brought an action to enjoin the defendant from playing with any other organization for the ensuing season, except its own, claiming that it had a right to defendant’s services by reason of the “reserve ” clause embodied in the contract. - Fvarts, Ohoaie & Beaman (George F. Duysters, attorney) for the plaintiff and the motion. I. Paragraph 18 of the contract upon which this action is based, is clear and unambiguous upon the face of it, and contains neither patent nor latent ambiguity requiring explanation or elucidation. If, as claimed by defendant, the “ reservation ” means no more than it did prior to the contract, what did the player have to accord, and what right to insist upon conditions precedent. To reserve means “ to hold, to keep for future use.” II. All references to the National Agreement League Constitution, or any other documents, are and must be excluded in the consideration of this contract, by reason of paragraph 19 of the contract itself. III. The form of contract upon which this action was brought, was drafted and presented for acceptance by the defendant. It should be construed most strongly against him. IY. Paragraph 17 is contained in the form submitted by the defendant. Its purpose was to protect the club and the players. A player who should be subject to infirmities, who should not exercise his best skill, would lower the playing standard of the club, and affect its drawing power, to the financial loss of the club, and the endangering of the “ record ” as well as the salary of such star-players as defendant, and it^was because defendant knew this that he included it in the draft presented by him to the league committee. Y. The fifth paragraph of the same contract, confers upon the party of the first part, the right “ to enjoin said party of the second part from performing services for any other person or organization during the period of service herein contracted for.” The defendant cannot be permitted to stultify himself by objecting to the enforcement of a right which he has expressly granted. VI. The defendant assumes the position that this contract “ is hard and without equity.” Divested of verbiage, what is this contract in its utmost extension ? An agreement on the part of defendant to render services as a ball player during seven months of the year 1890, in consideration of a salary of $5,250. There is no want of mutuality in this contract, and that amount of money for a ball player •cannot be considered unfair. “ Where there is no suggestion of fraud, the court cannot inquire whether the reward agreed to be paid to a workman is the highest that he might have got in the market. No court can make itself the guardian of persons sui generis ” (Haskins v. Royster, 70 N. C. 604). VII. The statement contained in defendant’s brief as to ■“ the well established practice of players leaving National Agreement Clubs, although reserved' by them, and going to •clubs and associations outside of the National Agreement,” is scarcely warranted by the facts, as defendant does not cite a single instance of such an occurrence since the adoption, in 1887, of the present form of contract, the first one, admittedly, in which the player accorded the right of reservation. VIII. The force of res adjudicada claimed by defendant for the case cited, The Alleghany Base Ball Club v. Burnett, is not apparent upon examination. This case may have been determined upon any one of a dozen different grounds which do not appear in the papers. It could not be res adjudicata in any event, as there is neither identity of thing sued for, identity of cause of action, nor of parties. Neither is it stare decisis, authority, precedent or argument. IX. The settled law of England and America authorizes the granting of an injunction in this case. Where a person has entered into a contract to render service to another of .such a nature as not to be easily replaced, and the loss to the employer would be a loss not to be compensated for in damages, a breach or a threatened breach of such contract may be restrained by injunction (Lumley v. Wagner, 2 De Gex; Hochester v. De la Tour, 2 E. & B. 678; Frost v. Knight, L. R. 7 Ex. 111; Howard v. Daly, 61 N. Y. 362 ; Daly v. Smith, 38 Supr. Ct. 158; Hayes v. Willis, 11 Abb. Pr. N. S. 167; McCaull v. Braham, 16 Fed. Rep. 37). X. The affidavits put in by the plaintiff show that in this case neither is the plaintiff’s place filled nor could it be easily or acceptably. It is not evident that, as the defendant says, there is “a very broad distinction between a star actress and a star professional base ball player. It is untrue to state, as the defendant does, that such £ star player ’ occupies a position in which the work to be done is precisely similar to that required of several other men in his own team.” It is untrue to imply, as defendant does, that there are££ twenty ■or thirty men ” in the country who could play short stop as well as Mr. Ward does. XI. A preliminary injunction will always be granted:— (1.) Where “ there is the strongest probability that the court will ultimately decide that the plaintiff is entitled to the relief which he demands in his complaint” (Hamilton v. Accessory Transit Co., 3 Abb. Pr. Rep. 255). (2). Where, ■during the necessary delay which must occur before the case is tried, the plaintiff may sustain injury which the court will be unable to fully redress, or which will prevent the full relief which the plaintiff seeks by his action. (3.) If “some act or occurrence which, if it should take place before the determination of the controversy, would prevent the court at that time from doing justice between the parties.” Henry E. Howland and George Welwood Murray {Anderson <& Howland, attorneys) for the defendant, opposed. I. The word “ reserve ” found in the 18th paragraph of the contract, is clearly there used in a technical sense. Its meaning is not defined in the instrument, and must be looked for elsewhere. The fact that it is printed with quotation marks clearly indicates the intention of the framers of the agreement to employ the word in a technical sense and to look elsewhere for its definition. The provision of the 19th paragraph of the contract, that the rights, etc., of the parties are to be determined by the express terms of the contract, and not by the terms of any “ foreign or other document,” except as provided by the 11th and 12th paragraphs, are not in any way relevant here. We are not to look to any “ foreign ” document for the contract between the parties. The terms of the agreement lie wholly within the contract, but in framing that contract the parties have used a word which needs explanation. We find a word whose meaning is not clear, and we look about to find its definition. It is discovered in another agreement, but that this is so, is only incidental; it might have appeared that its meaning was to be found in the dictionary. Surely the plaintiff would not refuse ,the use of a dictionary on the ground that it was a “ foreign document; ” here this other agreement is used simply as a dictionary. In using this particular word, the parties clearly had in mind some technical sense of the word they so employed, and we are compelled, if we are to gain any meaning from it, to put ourselves in the place of' the parties making it. They were looking at the past history of the word, and so must we. II. In such a case as this extrinsic evidence is admissible to show the true meaning of the word. Parol evidence was admitted in the following cases to shoxy a special and technical meaning for words which have a well understood meaning in common use, (Eneas v. Hoops, 42 N. Y. Super. 517; Smith v. Wilson, 3 B. & Hd. 728 ; Grant v. Maddox, 15 M. & W. 737 ; Cochran v. Retburg, 3d, Esp. 121; Hinton v. Locke, 5 Hill, 37; Astor v. Union Ins. Co., 7 Cowen, 202 ; Bissel v. Campbell, 54 N. Y. 353). III. The word “reserve” as used in the contract, referred only to the right and practice of “ reservation ”' previously exercised under the National Agreement, and did not prohibit a player from contracting with or playing for any club outside the purview of the National Agreement. The sole object of the reserve rule is, and has always been, that no club having a well known player in its ranks during a certain season, and with him and his associates gaining the championship, shall have to sustain the loss and mortification of seeing that player in the team of a rival club competing for the championship the ensuing season. No-club has ever relied upon reservation alone as a good contract for the next year. It has been the invariable practice before the beginning of each playing season to negotiate with and contract with all the players for the club, whether reserved or not. If the club wished to keep a player in its own team it contracted with him. If it wished merely to keep him out of a rival team competing for the championship, it merely reserved him. As the championship is confined to National Agreement clubs, nothing can be plainer than that the whole operation of the reserve rule is likewise limited. IY. There is no power the exercise of which is more delicate, which requires greater caution and deliberation, than the issue of an injunction, and though a contract may be good at law, if its terms are harsh and inequitable, a court of equity will not even enforce it, much less grant a preliminary injunction in its aid. The contract here in question is grossly inequitable in its terms, and, therefore, not enforceable in a court of equity. If the construction insisted upon by plaintiff is to be held, we have the peculiar spectacle of a contract which binds one party for life, and the other for ten days, and of the party who is itself bound for only ten days coming into a court of equity to enforce its life mortgage upon the other. If the plaintiff’s construction is correct, every player who signs a League contract is bound for the current playing season, and also for the ensuing season, and at the close of the latter season, to sign another contract for the then approaching season, and so on, to the end of his life. On the other hand the club may terminate the contract at any time by giving the player ten days’ notice of its intention so to do. This it may do, at the beginning, in the middle or near the end of the playing season, and thus prevent the player from making engagements with other organizations. V. A court of equity will not grant an injunction to restrain the doing of an act unless the act is of such a nature that the doing of it will produce irreparable injury to the plaintiff. The defendant’s action, of which the plaintiff complains, will not produce irreparable injury to the plaintiff. VI. A court of equity will not grant a preliminary injunction except for the purpose of preventing some act or occurrence which, if it should take place before the determination of the controversy, would prevent the court from doing justice between the parties. There is no act contemplated in this case, which would prevent the effectiveness of the final decree (Van Vechten v. Howland, 12 Abb. Pr. N. S. 461; Mapleson v. Del Puente, 13 Abb. N. C. 144). VII. The general rule is that an injunction will not be granted in aid of a contract for personal services. The only exception to this rule has been in the case of those professions in which an extraordinary personal ability has been present, and which would necessitate some time and trouble to substitute another for the person under contract. It is evident that there is a very broad distinction between a star actress and a baseball player (Mapleson v. Del Puente, 13 Abb. N. C. 144; Mapleson v. Lablanche, 13 Abb. N. C. 144, Note; Mapleson v. Bentham, 20 Weekly Rep. 176; Daly v. Smith, 49 How, Pr. 150; Hayes v. Willis, 11 Abb. Pr. N. S. 167; De Poe v. Sohlke, 7 Robertson, 283; McCaull v. Braham, 15 The Reporter, 485). VIII. The whole question has already been gone into before the United States circuit court for the western district of Pennsylvania, and under practically similar conditions a preliminary injunction has been refused (Alleghany Baseball Club v. Bennett, Pittsburgh Legal Journal, Dec. 6, 1882, p. 152). IX. The plaintiff’s right, if any, is far from clear. Compare previous cases. The contract, after stating in the 1st paragraph the names of the parties thereto, contained the following provisions: 2. That the said party of the second part for the consideration hereinafter mentioned, and the faithful performance of the covenants and conditions herein by the said party of the first part hereby covenants and agrees to perform such duties pertaining to the exhibition of the game of base ball as may be required of him by said party of the first part, at such reasonable times and places as said party of the first part may designate, for the period of seven months, commencing on the first day of April, A. D. 1889, and ending on the thirty-first day of October, A. D. 1889, inclusive. 3. Said party of the second part agrees that he will yield a cheerful obedience to all directions that may be given to him by any officer, manager, or field captain of said party of the first part, and will hold himself subject to their orders at all reasonable times during the entire term of his employment as aforesaid. 4. It is únderstoood and agreed ; that the party of the first part shall have the right from time to time, to establish such reasonable rules for government of its players at home or abroad as may be necessary and expedient, and to discipline, suspend (for a definite period), or to expel them, and that these powers shall not be limited to cases of dishonest play or open, insubordination, but shall include the right to discipline, suspend (for a definite period), or expel players for carelessness or indifference, or such other conduct as may be prejudicial to its interests in any respect. And the party of the second part expressly agrees, at all reasonable times, during the term of his employment as aforesaid, to subject himself to such rules and discipline ; to play base ball at home and elsewhere as may be required of him, with the utmost of his skill and ability; to cheerfully obey all rules and regulations of said party of the first part, and to absolutely refrain from any excess or dissipation whatever. 6. It is mutually agreed between the parties hereto, that if the said party of the second part shall, at any time during the said term of his employment as aforesaid, without the written consent of said party of the first part, leave the service, or perform or agree at any future time to perform services for any other club or organization whatever, or if he shall be guilty of offering, agreeing, conspiring or attempting to lose any game of ball, or if he shall be interested in any pool or wager thereon, he may be expelled by said party of the first part from its club. Or, if said party of the first part shall so elect, it may institute and prosecute proceedings in any court of competent jurisdiction, either in law or equity, to obtain damages for any breach of this contract, or to enforce the specific performance thereof by the said party of the second part, or to enjoin the said party of the second part from performing services for any other person or organization daring the period of service herein contracted for, and nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent such remedy in the courts, in case of any breach of this agreement by said party of the second part, as said party of the first part may elect to invoke. 6. And it is further mutually agreed between the parties hereto, that if the said party of the second part shall at any time during the said term of his employment be guilty of any excessive indulgence in malt or spirituous liquors, he shall be fined $25 for the first offence, $50 for the second offence, and $100 for the third offence, and that any subsequent offence shall he punished only by suspension for the balance of the season, as aforesaid. And should the said party of the second part at any time during Ihe said term of his employment be guilty of gambling in any form, insubordination, or-any dishonorable or disreputable conduct, he may be suspended by the party of the first part from his said employment, or from the club for such definite period of time as may be just and reasonable. 7. It is distinctly understood and agreed by, and between the parties hereto, that should the said party of the first part discipline the said party of the second part, or seek to enforce any of the penalties herein provided for, the party hereto of the first part, shall immediately thereafter serve upon the party hereto of the second part, a notice in writing setting forth the character of the offence charged, the time and place of its alleged commission, or omission, and the character of the penalty. But should the said party of the first part fail or decline to serve the notice above described, within three days after a demand that such notice be served, then and in that event shall the penalty or penalties sought to be charged against the said party of the second part hereto be deemed waived and abandoned. 8. It is understood and agreed that should the said party of the second part become ill from natural causes at any time during the time herein prescribed, the said party of the first part may deduct from the amount then due or to become due under this contract such proportion of the consideration money herein prescribed, as the number of days on which he fails to perform the services required of him under this contract may bear to the number of days covered by the term herein prescribed, but no deduction from the consideration herein prescribed shall be made by or allowed to the said party of the first part as against the said party of the second part, should the latter, during the term herein prescribed, meet with any accident or injury while in the service of, or performing any duty for the club, and be incapacitated thereby from staying; and the said party of the first part shall have the right and privilege, should the said party of the second part meet with any accident or injury as last hereinbefore referred to, to release and discharge the said party of the second part, in which event the said release must be absolute, unrestricted, unconditional, complete and without prejudice. 9. It is further understood and agreed that should the said party of the second part become ill from natural causes, as provided in the former portion of the last preceding paragraph, he, whenever, and as often as may be requested so to do by the party of the first part, shall submit himself to medical examination and treatment by a regular physician or surgeon in good standing, to be selected by the party of the first part. Such examination shall be at the expense of the said party of the second part. 10' It is further expressly understood and agreed that the said party of the first part shall have the right for any disobedience or violation of rules, on the part of the said party of the second part, or of any clause of this contract, or for any insubordination or neglect of duty, to deduct, withhold and keep from the wages due or to become due to him, and he shall forfeit from his wages a sum not exceeding fifty dollars for each offence, except as hereinbefore provided, without suspending or excusing him from any duty under this contract. 11. It is further understood and agreed that if the party of the first part shall be, at any time, in accordance with the Playing Buies of the national League, required to transmit to the Secretary of the League, any fine or fines inflicted upon said party of the second part by the umpire, in any game of ball, or if any fine imposed upon the player by any other authority under League rules, shall be paid by said party of the first part, or withheld by any other club or association from its share of gate receipts in any game, the amount of any such fine or fines shall be deducted and withheld by said party of the first part from the wages due, or to become due, to the said party of the second part under this contract, in like manner, as such forfeitures as he may incur under paragraph 10 of the contract are to be deducted and withheld by said party of the first part from his wages accrued or to accrue. 12. It is further understood and agreed that said party of the second part undertakes to and will keep himself informed fully concerning all Playing Buies and Begulations of the national League of Professional Base Ball Clubs now published or heretofore during his term of employment to be published and in force, and will, in like manner, inform himself concerning all rules and regulations at any time published, adopted or enforced by said party of the first part during his term of employment, for the government of its employers and employees. 13. It is further understood and agreed that in all matters of discipline and at all times on the ball field, in practice or play, the said party of the second part shall be subject to the control and direction of the captain of the “ nine” for the time being, and shall cheerfully and promptly obey his directions and requests, and recognize and respect his authority in the management and control of the “ nine.” And in no event shall the party of the second part refuse to play in any game of ball whether it be a league game or an exhibition game, in which the “nine ” of the club takes part unless excused therefrom by the captain of the nine or incapacitated by reason of any bodily infirmity, illness, or lack of any sound physical condition, or suffering from any accident or injury, as provided in paragraphs 8 and 9 of this contract, but shall, at all times, during the period covered by this contract, hold himself in readiness to play, on all week days, whenever the management of the club or the captain may require, except as aforesaid. .14. It is mutually understood and agreed that should the said party of the second part violate any of the material conditions, covenants or agreements on his part in this contract contained, the said party of the first part shall have the right to terminate this contract on reasonable notice, and no further payments shall thereafter be due or payable to said party of the second part, under this contract, or otherwise, except as stated in paragraph 17 of this agreement. And if the said party of the second part shall he expelled by said party of the first part, as herein provided, he shall thereupon forfeit all claim for wages from and after the time of such expulsion. 15. It is mutually understood and agreed that should the said party of the first part violate any of the material conditions, covenants or agreements on its part in this contract contained, the said party of the second part shall have the right to terminate this contract on reasonable notice, or should the party of the first part lose its membership, or cease to be a member of the national League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, either by expulsion, retirement, disbandonment or otherwise, at any time, then in such event the said party of the second part shall, if the right of reservation be transferred to any other club or association, receive from said other club or association, at least the same amount in salary as herein prescribed. Otherwise said right of reservation shall forthwith cease and determine. 16. And it is further understood and agreed that the said party of the first part shall furnish the said party of the second part with the usual playing uniforms and necessary outfit for which the said party of the first part shall be allowed the sum of $30 to be deducted from the consideration herein. And the said party of the first part shall provide and furnish the said party of the second part, while “abroad” or travelling with the nine in other cities, with proper board and lodging, and pay all proper and necessary traveling expenses. 17. It is further understood and agreed that the party of the first part expressly reserves the right, at any time prior to the completion of the period when this contract, by its terms, is to end, by giving the party of the second part ten days’ notice of its option and intention so to do, to end and determine all its liabilities and obligations under this contract, in which event, upon the expiration of said ten days, all liabilities and obligations undertaken by said party of the first part in this contract shall at once cease and determine, and said party of the second part shall thereupon be also freed from his obligations hereunder, and shall have no claim for wages for any period after said ten days. But if this contract shall be so ended and determined by said party of the first part before the end of the term of employment specified in paragraph 2, without any fault or neglect of duty on the part of the party of the second part, then the said party of the second part shall be entitled to wages at the contract rate for said ten days in addition to the sum earned and due, and unpaid to him at the time of the giving of notice of termination as aforesaid, whether during said ten days the party of the second part shall be required to perform services or not, but he may be required to perform services under this contract during said ten days at the option of said party of the first part, without affecting the validity or force of such notice. 18. It is further understood and agreed that the said party of the first part shall have the right to “ reserve ” the said party of the second part for the season next ensuing the term mentioned in paragraph 2, herein provided, and said right and privilege is hereby accorded the said party of the first part upon the following conditions, which are to be taken and construed as conditions precedent to the exercise of such extraordinary right or privilege, viz.: I. That the said party of the second part shall not be reserved at a salary less than that mentioned in the 20th paragraph herein except by consent of the party of the second part. II. That the said party of the second part, if he be reserved by the said party of the first part for the next ensuing season, shall be one of not more than fourteen players then under contract; that is, that the right of reservation bo limited to that number of players and no more. 19. And it is further expressly understood and agreed that the rights, duties, privileges and powers of the respective parties hereto are to be governed, limited and determined by the covenants and conditions herein, and the express terms of this contract, and not in any wise by the terms and covenants or conditions of any foreign or other document or instrument to which cither party hereto may be a party, except as provided by the 11th and 12th paragraphs of this contract. 20. And in consideration of the faithful performance of the conditions and covenants herein by the said party of the second part, the said party of the first part hereby agrees to pay to him for his services for said term, the sum of two thousand ($2,000) payable as follows ; (beginning not earlier than April 1, semi-monthly, from April 15). 21. In witness whereof, etc. The supplemental contract was as follows : April 2Zd, 1889. The New York Baseball Club agrees that John M. Ward, who this day signs a contract to play ball with it for the season of 1889, shall not be held by the New York Club for the season of 1890, at a salary of less than $8,000. This supplemental contract is hereby made part of the main contract between the N. Y. Club and John M. Ward, the consideration advanced by Ward being the same as in the main contract. ' [MAJORITY — O’Brien, J.] O’Brien, J. This is a suit brought in equity to restrain the defendant from playing the game of base ball or rendering services of any kind until October 31st, 1890, for or in behalf of any person or corporation except the plaintiff. It is sought by this motion to enjoin the defendant until the trial can be had. The plaintiff bases its right to the relief sought upon an agreement between the New York Base Ball Club and the defendant, dated April 23d, 1889. This agreement provided that the defendant was to engage in the exhibition of the game of base ball for the said club for the period of seven months between April 1st, 1889, and October 31st, 1889. It also contained a provision which will be hereafter more fully set forth and discussed, by which it gave to the plaintiff the right “ to reserve the defendant for the season of 1890.” One of the principal questions discussed upon the argument was as to the meaning of this word “ reserve,” as used in the contract. Upon the part of the plaintiff it is claimed that the meaning of this word is clear and unambiguous, requiring no explanation, being used in its ordinary sense of—“ to hold, to keep for future use.” The defendant, on the other hand, claims that this word, which was not a new one to the parties, has a history, and with that history both parties to the contract were well acquainted—that it had always been used in a particular sense, and in order to ascertain that meaning reference must be had to the history of the word. That if resort is had to such history it will result in a construction to be given to the contract which shall determine that when the defendant accorded the right to reserve his services, that it was not thereby meant that he was absolutely pledged, or bound to plaintiff, but that his services were reserved to the exclusion of any other member of the league of ball clubs. In other words the word “ reserve,” defendant contends, referred only to the right and practice of reservation previously exercised under the national agreement, and did not prohibit a player from contracting with or playing for any club outside the purview of the national agreement. It is not necessary to go over the history of the word or mention the agreements subsequent to the one entered into at the meeting of the National League of Base Ball Clubs in September, 1879, when this word “ reserve ” appears to have been first used in a contract, since it is sufficient to say that whether we have regard to the history of the word as used in the various contracts, or give it its ordinary and well accepted meaning, we shall arrive at the same conclusion as to the meaning of the word adverse to defendant’s contention, and in favor of the meaning given to it by the plaintiff. It means exactly what the defendant himself said it meant, when in the supplementary contract of 1889, he employed the word “ held ” as synonymous with the word “ reserve,” as used in the original contract. Therefore, it will be seen that I have adopted as the meaning of the word “ reserve,” the one contended for by plaintiff. Nor do I agree with the defendant’s statement of law, wherein he asserts that the general rule is that an injunction will not be granted in aid of a contract for personal services. Whatever doubt may have existed in the past, it is now the settled law of England and America, that where a person has entered into a definite contract to render services to another of such a nature as not to be easily replaced, and the loss of his services to the employer will be a loss not to be compensated for in damages, a breach or a threatened breach of such contract may be restrained by injunction. While a distinction is observed between affirmative and negative covenants in such an agreement, and while the court does not possess the power to compel a person to render services which he has agreed to perform, yet when he has stipulated not to work for.another the court can and will in a proper case prevent his doing so. In England, since the decision in 1852 of the case of Lumley v. Wagner (1 De Gex), such has been the law. In this country endless citations of authorities might he resorted to to show that a similar principle of law prevails. In this State one of the leading cases is that of Daly v. Smith (88 Super. Ct. 158; 49 How. Pr. 150). In that case one Fanny Morant Smith had agreed to act during the season of 1874, 1875 and 1876. She broke this contract. A preliminary injunction was granted. A motion was made to continue it pendente lite. The learned justice, in delivering the opinion in that case, after an exhaustive examination of • authorities which were ably collated and reviewed in his opinion, says : “The question whether or not a-court of equity will interfere by injunction to prevent a breach of a contract for personal services, or whether the complainant must look to his damages at law as his sole redress, has been frequently and on several occasions quite elaborately discussed, both in England and in this country. On a cursory reading, the authorities may seem somewhat conflicting, but a careful perusal of them in the light of the facts before the court on. the several occasions, can leave no doubt as to the existence of the power.” In another part of his opinion he says : “ I am of the opinion that actors and actresses, like all other persons, should be held to a true and faithful performance of their engagements, and that whenever a court has not proper jurisdiction to enforce the whole engagement, it should, like in all cases, operate to bind their consciences, at least as far as they can be bound, to a true and faithful performance of their engagements.” Quoting from another case, he continues: “ The resort to actions at law for damages for a sudden desertion of the performers in the middle' of their season, will in most cases fail to afford adequate compensation; and it is not only that the manager is deprived of his means of carrying on business, but that his performers, by carrying their services to other establishments, deprive him of the fruits of his diligence and enterprise, increase rivalry against him and cause him irreparable injury.” Between an actor of great histrionic ability and a professional base ball player, of peculiar fitness and skill to filia particular position, no substantial distinction in applying the rule laid down in the cases cited, can be made. Each is sought for his particular and peculiar fitness ; each performs in public for compensation, and each possesses for the manager a means of attracting an audience. The refusal of either to perform according to contract must result in loss to the manager, which is increased in cases where such services are rendered to a rival. XVhile, therefore, in a proper case, the defendant is amenable to this rule of law, and the court has the power and right to prevent his breaking any covenant made not to give his services to another, it remains to be seen whether upon the facts and proofs as they exist here a case is presented for the intervention and exercise of the court’s power during the pendency of the action, and before the rights of the parties are determined by the more deliberate proceeding of a trial. To quote from the opinion in Murray v. Knapp (42 How. Pr. 462): “ A plaintiff on an ex parte application at the beginning of the action has too often obtained a remedy which he should not have until the hearing of both parties on the trial, and which he might then have been found not to be entitled to.” • “ In many cases of this kind the plaintiff practically has obtained his judgment at the ouiset, acd a continuance of the action has been only a struggle by the defendant to relieve himself from an ex parte decision.” In the case of Mapleson v. Del Puente (13 Abb. N. C. 144), which was brought by plaintiff, who was a manager of an operatic company, to restrain defendant, who was an operatic singer, the judge, in denying the application, says: “ The granting of an injunction pendente lite is always in the discretion of the court, and should be ordered with caution and even with some reluctance, and only where the rights of the plaintiff on the law and the facts are clear, and the necessity for that form of equitable relief is manifest in order to prevent a failure of justice.” It will thus be seen that a court of equity is extremely loth in cases of this kind to not only practically decide and give judgment, but also to execute it, by enjoining the defendant before any trial upon the merits has been had. A preliminary injunction will not be granted except in cases where there is the strongest probability that the court will ultimately decide that plaintiff is entitled to the relief which it demands in its complaint (Hamilton v. Accessory Transit Co., 3 Abb. Pr. 255). These cases and many more" that might be cited, hold that the granting of this extraordinary relief by way of preliminary injunction rests in the sound discretion of the court, and should not be granted except upon proof of facts and circumstances showing that a contract exists which is reasonably definite and certain, and that for a breach thereof no adequate remedy exists at law, and the probability of plaintiff’s finally succeeding in the action is free from all reasonable doubt. It is insisted here, however, by the plaintiff, that there exists a definite and reasonable contract, and that the probability of its succeeding finally is of the strongest and most certain kind. In examining into the claims thus made by plaintiff and into the facts of this case, we must beep constantly in mind the distinction which exists between an action at law and suit in equity. As before said this is a suit in equity wherein the court has no power to enforce the affirmative covenant claimed to exist, which would compel the defendant to play ball with plaintiff; but the court is asked in effect to decree the specific performance of a negative covenant claimed to have been made by the defendant that he should not play ball with others. To determine whether or not the probability of its success in a final suit is of the strongest and most certain kind, certain questions must be determined. Is there such a definite contract existing between the parties that it can be enforced ? If sufficiently definite, is it entirely conscionable, wanting neither in fairness or mutuality ? ■ That a court of equity will not make a contract which the parties themselves have not made, and that it will not enforce an indefinite one, are elementary propositions that need no citation of authorities to support them. In the contract sued on, wherein defendant agrees to give his services for the ball season terminating October, 1889, we find the provision upon which it is admitted all plaintiff’s right to succeed in this action depends. It reads as follows: “ Eighteenth. It is further understood and agreed that the said party of the first part shall have the right ‘to reserve’ said party of the second part for,the next season ensuing, the term mentioned in paragraph 2 herein provided; and said right or privilege is hereby accorded the said party of the first part upon the following conditions, which are to be taken and construed as conditions precedent to the exercise of such extraordinary right or privilege, namely : First, That the said party of the second part shall not be reserved at a salary less than that mentioned iii the 20th paragraph herein, except by consent of the party of the second part. “ Second, That the said party of the second part, if he be reserved by the said party of the first part for the next ensuing season, shall be one of not more than fourteen players then under contract.” The only other provision bearing on this subject is that contained in the supplementary agreement dated April 23, 1889, which reads as follows : “ The Hew York Base Ball Club agrees that John M. Ward, who this day signs a contract to play with it for the season of 1889, shall not be held by the Hew York Club for the season of 1890, at a salary of less than $3,000. This supplemental contract is hereby made a part of the main contract.” These provisions of the main and supplemental contract quoted, are all and the only ones relied upon by plaintiff to enforce which this action is brought. Do these provisions constitute a definite contract between the parties, or do they do more than reserve the services of defendant, subject to the making of a contract thereafter with definite terms and conditions ? It must be noticed that these provisions standing alone fail to disclose what are to be the terms and conditions of the agreement between the parties in the event that plaintiff shall exercise its option, which is accorded, to reserve defendant for the ball season of 1890. What are the terms and conditions of the alleged agreement for the season of 1890 now sought to be enforced ? What does the defendant Ward agree to do? What salary is to be paid him ? Not only are there no terms and conditions fixed, but I do not think it is entirely clear that Ward agrees to do anything further than to accord the right to reserve him upon terms thereafter to be fixed. He does not covenant to make a contract for 1890 at the same salary, nor upon the same terms and conditions as during the season of 1889. The provision relied upon as constituting the contract between the parties merely reserves Ward for 1890, at a salary of not less than $3,000. But how much more is he to receive ? And in case of a dispute between the parties, how is the amount of salary to be determined ? It is nowhere provided that the terms and conditions for 1890 are to be the same as those for 1889. As stated in Fry on Specific Performance (p. 165, § 229): “It will be obvious that an amount of certainty must be required in the specific performance of a contract in equity greater than that demanded in an action for damages at law. For to sustain the latter proceeding the proposition required is the negative one that defendant has not performed the contract, a conclusion which may be often arrived at without any exact consideration of the terms of the contract; whilst in equity it must appear not only that the contract has not been performed, but what is the contract which is to be performed ? The learned author, in a note to the section quoted, cites a number of cases which hold that where the terms of a contract are indefinite or uncertain, specific performance will not be decreed. But it may be urged that the court should infer that it was the intent of the party that the terms and conditions should be the same. It is extremely doubtful if a court of equity would resort to any such inference or presumption for the purpose of first making a contract for the parties and thereafter enforcing it. But assuming that the court would indulge in such an inference or presumption, what contract would the court require the defendant to perform ? Will it be one under which he is to receive the same salary and containing all the provisions including the reserve clause, verbatim et literatim, as in the contract of 1889? And upon the defendant’s refusal in 1891, will it under the reserve clause make a similar contract and enforce it for that year, and thereafter from year to year as long as plaintiff elects to hold defendant ? The failure in the existing contract to expressly provide the terms and conditions of the contract to be made for 1890, either renders the latter indefinite and uncertain, or we must infer that the same terms and conditions are to be incorporated in the one to be now enforced, which necessarily includes the reserve clause, for no good reason can be suggested, if all the others are to be included, why this should be omitted. Upon the latter assumption the want of fairness and of mutuality, which are fatal to its enforcement in equity, are apparent, as will be seen when we consider to what extent under such circumstances each of the parties is bound. Every player who signs such a contract is bound for the current playing season and also for the ensuing playing season, and is obliged at the close of the first season to make another contract with the same terms and conditions binding him as before for the then approaching season, and reserving him for the second season, and so on as long as plaintiff elects, the player being always bound one year in advance. On the other hand, this contract, after having provided, at paragraph 15, that the club might terminate the contract at any time because of a violation of the agreement by the player, it further provides at paragraph 17, that the club may “ at any time, by giving the party of the second part ten days’ notice of its option and its intention so to do, end and determine all its liabilities and obligations under this contract, in which event, upon the expiration of said ten days, all liabilities and obligations undertaken by said party of the first part to this contract shall at once cease and determine, and said party of the second part shall thereupon be also free from his obligation thereunder, and shall have no claim for wages for any period after said ten days.” So that the club may at any time, at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the playing season, when the player is in New York or San Francisco or anywhere else, and without the assignment of any cause whatever, “ determine all its liabilities and obligations under said contract,” leaving the player to make his way home as best he can. In thus considering the obligations which, under the plaintiff’s construction of the contract each has assumed, we have the spectacle presented of a contract which binds one party for a series of years and the other party for ten days, and of the party who is itself bound for ten days coming into a court of equity to enforce its claims against the party bound for years. In leases of property and in similar contracts clauses are frequently inserted giving options which can be enforced, but the distinction between such optional clauses in leases which have been upheld as fair and binding upon the parties to the covenant, and the one here sought to be enforced, is apparent when we remember that in the former instance mentioned upon exercising the option a new and binding agreement is created, while in this case there is no obligation after the option is exercised, except for a period of ten days. There is no obligation on the part of the club to pay the player any salary whatever for the second playing season. True, it is stated that he shall not be reserved at less than a certain salary. But the reserving club may easily dispose of this. It may wait until just before the second playing season opens, and after every chance for a profitable engagement has passed by, then give the player ten days’ notice of its election to end and determine all its liabilities and obligations under the contract, and as the playing season has not opened, the club would not even be obliged to pay the ten days’ salary. As stated by Fry on Specific Performance (New ed. § 286), “ A contract, to be specifically enforced by the court, must be mutual; that is to say, such that it might at the time that it was entered into have been enforced by either of the parties against the other of them. Whenever, therefore, whether from personal incapacity, the nature of the contract, or any other cause, the contract is incapable of being enforced against one party, that party is equally incapable of enforcing it against the other.” And, again, “ A contract that is sought to be specifically enforced must be mutual both as to the remedy and the obligation. A party not bound by the agreement itself has no right to call upon a court of equity to enforce specific performance against the other contracting party by expressing his willingness in his bill to perform bis part of the engagement. His right to the aid of the court does not depend upon his subsequent offer to perform the contract on his part, but upon its original obligatory character.” The application of these principles are well exemplified in the case of Marble Company v. Ripley (10 Wall. 339). That was a case of a contract in the nature of a partnership, by which the grantee of a marble quarry agreed to furnish all the marble the other party should require. In case of default by the grantee, the other party might enter and take out sufficient marble. The grantor or marble company was bound for all time. The right was reserved to grantee to terminate the contract at any time on one year’s notice. The marble company asked for an injunction restraining Bipley (who denied there had been a default in furnishing marble) from entering and cutting out marble, and second for a cancellation of the contract. Bipley on his side asked for the specific performance of the contract. In disposing of Bipley’s prayer for specific performance the United States supreme court said, “ Another reason why specific performance should not be decreed in this case is found in the want of mutuality. Such performance by Bipley could not be decreed or enforced at the suit of the marble company, for the contract expressly stipulates that he may relinquish the business and abandon the contract at any time, on giving one year’s notice. It is a general principle that when from personal incapacity, the nature of a contract, or any other cause, a contract is incapable of being enforced against one party, that party is equally incapable of enforcing it specifically against the other” (see also Gorman v. Machin, 6 Paige v. Ch. 288, and Woodward v. Harris, 2 Barb. 429). It will thus be seen that I do not fully concur in the claims made by plaintiff that the probability of finally succeeding is of the strongest and most certain kind. Upon either one or both of the grounds considered, but principally upon the ground that the contract is indefinite and uncertain, does there arise a serious doubt as to plaintiff being accorded upon the trial the relief asked for. However that may be, what was said by the learned judge in Mapleson v. Del Puente (supra), in denying a motion for a preliminary injunction, is- applicable here : “ This action is now at issue on the complaint and answer, and there is no> reason why it should not be speedily tried, and the various questions of law and fact which arise in it be deliberately and finally disposed of.” The plaintiff seeks by injunction to restrain the defendant from playing for other clubs during the season of 1890. The playing season of 1890 does not open until the middle of April. Before that time this action can be tried at the Special Term and final judgment rendered. A final judgment before the playing season opens will secure every possible right of plaintiff. Thus plaintiff may have final judgment, if entitled thereto, at least one month before the act sought to be enjoined can be done. In denying, therefore, the motion for a preliminary injunction, it is entirely appropriate to quote from the language of the learned judge in Van Vechten v. Howland (12 Abb. N. S. 461), wherein he says: “ There is a distinction between a preliminary and a final injunction. . . . Looking back at settled rules of equity we shall find that while final injunctions are matters of right, preliminary injunctions are matters of discretion. Their object is to prevent such acts during the litigation as would preclude the court from giving the plaintiff his remedy at the end. When the plaintiff shows that he is entitled to a final injunction, it does not necessarily follow that he is entitled to a preliminary injunction. Such an injunction should not be granted or sustained unless without it the court could not by its final judgment do justice between the parties. Where the preliminary injunction restrains the defendant from doing the very acts to restrain which the final judgment is sought, then the plaintiff has practically succeeded without a trial, and at the very beginning of his case.” While, therefore, I think that this is not a case in which a preliminary injunction should be granted, it is proper that the rights of the parties should be determined by a trial before the ball season begins, and to that end, on application made, I shall assist in securing a speedy trial, upon which a final and deliberate judgment upon the rights of the parties can be pronounced. The trial of the issues resulted in a dismissal of the complaint, the following memorandum being filed (March 31, 1890). Lawrence J.—As I am informed by counsel for -the plaintiff that they do not intend to submit a brief in this case, and as I am of the opinion that the contract referred to in the complaint is one which a court of equity will not enforce, judgment will be granted dismissing ' the complaint with costs. »