Caroline Davidson, Respondent, v. The City of New York, Appellant

Caroline Davidson, Respondent, v. The City of New York, Appellant. Second Department, June 4, 1909. Municipal corporations — negligence — streets — fall on sidewalk — injury to. pedestrian. 'That it is possible .for some one.person out of many to trip on a defect in the pavement of a street does not render it "obviously dangerous.” 'Where in an action against a city it appears that plaintiff tripped upon' a flagstone in a. sidewalk,, shown, by actual measurement to. have been raised only two and one-half inches above the adjoining one, and that the elevation gradually decreased to' nothing at the outside of the six-foot walk, it is error to' refuse to charge on defendant’s ■ request that, if the jury found that the elevation was only two and one-half inches at the highest point, which evidence it had already charged that they must accept, and ran from that down to nothing, and that the plaintiff simply tripped and fell, the defendant was not liable, and a judgment in favor of the plaintiff will be reversed and a new trial granted, for it is impossible to free a city from such slight defects and unreasonable to permit a jury to say they are obviously dangerous. Woodward, J., dissented, with opinion. Appeal by the defendant, The City of New York, .from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Kings on the 30tli day of October, 1908, upon the verdict of a jury for $1,000, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the same day denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes. James D. Bell [Francis K. Pendleton, Corporation Counsel, with him on the brief], for the appellant. Henry E. Heistad, for the respondent. [MAJORITY — Gaynor, J.:] Gaynor, J.: This case did not go to the jury on the theory that oneflag might be above the other as much as 5 inches at the outside by the tree — the highest point. On the contrary, there was the testimony of an engineer that by actual measurement by him the elevation at such highest point was only 2J inches (and it gradually decreased to nothing at the outside of the flag walk, the width of which was 6 feet); and the learned trial Judge charged the jury that they had to accept that evidence as against the loose estimates which had been testified to. Moreover, the learned trial Judge refused to charge the request of the defendant that if the jury found that the elevation was only inches at the highest point, and ran from that down .to nothing, and that the plaintiff simply tripped and fell, the defendant was not liable; so that this is the precise point of the case. It is impos-sible to free a city from such slight defects, and unreasonable to say, or permit a jury to say, that they are “ obviously dangerous”, which is the test of the city’s liability.-. We know that they are not, If they were, thousands and thousands would be hurt by them hourly. That it is “ possible ” for some one out of many, out of ■ . millions, it may be, to trip on such a defect, does not make it dangerous. Probability, not possibility, governs (Butler v. Village of Oxford, 186 N. Y. 444; Gastel v. City of New York, 194 id. 15). The judgment should he reversed. Jenks, Burr and.Miller, J.T., concurred; Woodward, J., read for affirmance. - [DISSENT — Woodward, J.] Woodward, J. (dissenting): The .plaintiff, a woman of sixty years of age, weighing something over 200 pounds, blind in one eye, tripped upon a flagstone in a sidewalk onTwenty-third street, between Fourth and Fifth avenues, in the borough of Brooklyn, and fell, sustaining injuries for which the jury has awarded a verdict of $1,000; The sidewalk in the vicinity of the accident appears to have been in good condition, but the particular flagstone which caused the accident had been gradually raised by the growth of the roots of a tree until, it was con-. ceded, the’end of it next to the tree, between the walk and the curb, was raised about two and one-llalf inches. The plaintiff’s witnesses place it as high, as five inches.. The plaintiff testifies that, walking along this sidewalk in the early afternoon of a day in February, she caught her foot under the edge of this .raised flag and fell forward, with the resulting injuriés. It is strenuously urged by defendant’s cotinsel that this elevation of the flagstone did not constitute actionable negligence on' the part of the defendant, and various cases, familiar to the court, are cited; but we are persuaded that the case was one for the' jury. -It. is true that -there have been cases of obstruction which, in some views, would not seem materially different from the one at baiy where the court has' held that there was no liability, but there was .evidence in this case.from which the jury might find that this flagstone projected above the general surface of the walk'five inches, and that it was'so raised that one might get his foot caught Under the samé, as the plaintiff testifies occurred in her case, and if this was the case, it clearly presented a, question of fact for the jury.-. Aside from tile oral testimony, there was a photograph in evidence, which not only shows a considerable obstruction, but it shows the surrounding walk to be very smooth, and it is to be observed that this result- has been produced by the city or someone cutting out portions of the walk near the foot of trees along the walk in such a manner as to permit of the growth of the roots without raising the sidewalk. This might be of importance in the estimation of practical men, as evidencing the degree of care which was proper on the part of the defendant at this point. • Every case of this character must depend upon its own peculiar facts, and the fact that the courts have, under particular circumstances, held as matter of law that the defendant was not liable, is not controlling in a case where the facts are entirely different. For instance, an elevation of the flagging of several inches, where the general conditions were such as not to warrant a continuation of the flagging, and the walk became a mere pathway, might not be negligence, where a less elevation on a busy thoroughfare, where one was likely to have his attention diverted, and where it was reasonable to expect a continuation of a general condition, would be highly negligent. This case was submitted to the jury upon a charge which was not objected to by the defendant. Several requests to charge, which, in so far as they correctly stated the law, had already been covered by the charge, resulted in a few exceptions, but I am not able to see that anything prejudicial to the defendant resulted. The charge, as it finally went to the jury, could not reasonably be misunderstood; ft was certainly not calculated to prejudice the case in favor .of the plaintiff, and the learned trial court having denied the motion for a new trial, and the evidence supporting the verdict, it should not be overruled here. Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, costs to abide the event. , ■_