The People v. Clements

The People v. Clements. To convict one charged with uttering a counterfeit bank check set out in the indictment and purporting to have been certified by some person purporting to be connected with the bank on which the check was drawn, it is sufficient to prove that the words of certification were false, and that no person of the name signed to the certificate was connected with the bank, without showing that the signature of the drawers was a forgery. A certified check on a bank is an instrument which, as an entirety, comes within the statute of forgery; and where evidence, received without objection, shows that any material part of it was forged, e. g.t the certificate, it is immaterial that the indictment does not specify that the forgery was of the certification, and not of the check itself. The indictment need not aver that the paper is, in the words of the statute, “an order for'the payment of money, or any instrument by which a pecuniary demand is created.” Rex v. Horwdl (6 Carr. &Pa,, 148,) distinguished, on the diversity between our statute and the British. The defendant was convicted in the Mew York Court of Sessions on an indictment charging him, in distinct counts, with forging and uttering a certain false instrument and writing, which instrument and writing was set out in the indictment in hcec verba, and was as follows: “ No. 492. Jersey City, Sept. 8, 1861. The Bank of Jersey City: Pay to the order of Livermore, Clews & Mason, twenty-four hundred and sixty-six dollars and ninety-three cents. M. Barker & Son. $2,466.93. Certified by Sparks’ Bank, J. C.” On the trial it was proved by the prosecution that on * the 2d September, 1861, the prisoner came to the store of Livermore, Clews & Mason, and presented a sealed letter. ■Clews read the letter and marked at the foot .thereof the price at which five treasury notes of $500 each would be supplied, and a clerk of the firm made out a statement at that price, and handed it, with the letter, to the prisoner; the latter inquiring when he could have the notes. The next morning (Sept. 3) the prisoner presented a second letter enclosing the certified bank check set out in the indictment. The clerk saw that the check was for the amount of the statement, and appeared to be certified, and he handed the prisoner the five treasury notes of $500 each, and the latter left the store a few minutes afterwards. The check was read in evidence, and the' prosecution further proved, that there was no clerk or teller by the name of Sparks, and no person of such name in the Bank of Jersey City,, and that the certificate on the check in question was not the certificate of the bank or any one authorized to certify by the bank. That Hatch, the cashier, and Post the teller, only certified checks, and that certified checks of the bank to' be used in Hew York were stamped payable at Ocean Bank. Ho evidence was offered by the defendant.' The Recorder charged the jury to' the effect that if they were satisfied, from the evidence, that the certificate on the check was a forgery, and that the defendant uttered such check with the forged certificate thereon, knowing the same to be forged, and with the intent to defraud, it would be the duty of the jury to convict. To this the prisoner excepted. The court refused to charge, on request of the prisoner, the following propositions: 1st. In order to sustain- the indictment the prosecution is bound to prove that the signature of M. Barker & Son is a forgery. Ho such evidence has been adduced. 2d. The indictment does not charge that the alleged forged instrument is “an order for the payment of money, or an instrument by which any pecuniary demand is created,” which averment is essential. 3d. The indictment does not charge the forgery of the certificate, which is no part of the check, and, is not essential to its validity, and creates no demand or obligation for the payment, and the prisoner cannot be convicted under this indict-. ment which charges only the forgery of the check. The prisoner’s counsel further requested the court to charge that if the firm of M. Barker & Son had no account in the Bank of Jersey City, and the prisoner knowing the fact, fraudulently obtained the treasury notes from Livermore, Clews & Mason, he was guilty of obtaining money by a false token, and cannot be convicted under this indictment. The court charged that the first part of this proposition was correct; but refused to charge as requested in the latter portion -thereof; to which refusal the counsel for the prisoner excepted. The jury found the prisoner guilty; and on error to the Supreme Court, the judgment was reversed. The People brought error to this court. A. Oakey Hall, for the plaintiff in error. No one appearing for the defendant in error. [MAJORITY — Wright, J.] Wright, J. The indictment charged the defendant with uttering a certain false, forged and counterfeited instrument in writing, which was set forth in full in such indictment, and purported to be # well-recognized commercial instrument, viz.: a certified bank check. 'The evidence disclosed that the defendant brought the false instrument in the precise form in which it is set forth in the indictment, to the banking firm of Livermore, Clews & Co., and uttered and used it for the purchase of treasury notes to the amount of twenty-five hundred dollars; and it was affirmatively shown that a part of the instrument or writing thus uttered as an entirety, viz., the words of certification, were false. There was no evidence • given by the defendant, and none appeared throughout the trial, tending to show that the instrument so uttered as an entirety was in any part valid, or true as an original check of the drawer, or that it ever" had any other existence than in the entire form of figures and words in which it was uttered and set out in the indictment. It is a felony by statute to utter or publish as true, with intent to defraud, and knowing it to be false, any forged, altered or counterfeited “ instrument or writing, being or purporting to be the act of another by which any pecuniary demand or obligation shall be, or shall purport to be created, increased, discharged or diminished, or by which any rights or property, whatever, shall be or purport to be transferred, conveyed, discharged, diminished, or in any manner affected; and by which forgery, altering or counterfeiting any person may be affected, bound, or in any way injured in his person or property.” (2 R. S., 673, §§ 33, 39.) A certified bank check falls within this statute definition of forgery, and if the defendant uttered such an instrument or writing, knowing the same to be forged, and with intent to defraud, the Recorder was right in his charge, that it was the duty of the jury to convict. It is true that an indictment should be so certain and precise as to enable the accused to judge whether the facts and circumstances stated constitute an indictable offence: or, to apprise the prisoner of the nature of the offence ^against which he is to prepare his defence, and that he may plead a conviction or acquittal in bar of another indictment. The present indictment informed the accused of the entire instrument which he uttered, or of the precise shape in whiQh he had uttered it, and alleged it to be a false instrument. When, therefore, the evidence came, unobjected to, showing any portion of it false, it seems to me that the accused was brought within all the rights guaranteed to him by the law of criminal pleading. The case of the Rex v. Horwell (6 Carr. & Payne., 148), is not an authority to the contrary. That case turned upon • a peculiarity of the British .statutes. In one count of the indictment the prisoner was charged with uttering a forged bill of exchange, with intent to defraud A B, and setting out the bill and acceptance upon it; and another count stated that the prisoner had a bill in his possession (which was set out) with a "forged acceptance on it (which was also set out), and that he, knowing the acceptance to be forged, uttered the bill. with intent to defraud A B. It was proved that the "acceptance was forged, but there was no evidence to show that the signature of the drawer was not a genuine signature. The counsel for the prisoner said: “ I submit that the prisoner cannot be convicted because the acceptance is no part of the bill within the statute. (1 Will. IV, ch. 66.) The statute has made a distinction between the bill and the acceptance, for it uses both terms.” It is to be observed that part of the count alleged the utterance of a forged bill of exchange, and charged the accused with knowing the acceptance to be forged, and the pleading thus became descriptive by the terms of limitation. The prisoner was convicted,— Gurney, B., reserving the point for the consideration of the fifteen judges, who afterwards held the conviction wrong. Our statute does not distinguish between a draft and an acceptance; but declares that it shall be forgery in the third degree to falsely make, alter, forge or counterfeit “ any instrument or writing being, or purporting to be, the act of another, by which any pecuniary demand or ■ obligation shall be, or purport to be, created,” &c. The indictment in this case set but the instrument in the precise form in which it was uttered. The prisoner was, therefore, distinctly told what his offence was, and the charge that he must prepare himself to meet, viz.: the forging and uttering a certified bank check. A conviction or acquittal of the offence charged under the indictment could undoubtedly be pleaded in bar of another indictment. It is true there was only affirmative proof that a part of the instrument or writing was false; but that was sufficient to support the proved to have been uttered and published as a true instrument, when it was false in the essential particular which recommended its validity to the taker. There was no force in the claim that the instrument was divisible into parts; nor was there error in the refusal to charge substantially that the signature of the drawer alone could be proven to be false under the indictment, and not the certificate. There was nothing to show the check the act of one party, and the certificate that of another. The indictment charged the prisoner with uttering a writing composed of several parts, but all uniting to make one well recognized commercial instrument, and the proof sustained it. The judgment of the Supreme Court should be reversed and that of the Court of Sessions affirmed. Denio, Ch. J., Davies, Rosekrans and Marvin, Js,, concurred. [DISSENT — Balcom, J., (dissenting.)] Balcom, J., (dissenting.) The indictment charges the prisoner with forging and uttering as true, an instrument in writing, “ commonly called a bank check,” which is fully set out in the indictment; and it purported to have been drawn by M. Barker & Son, for $2,466.93, on the Bank of Jersey City j and the words “ certified by Sparks, Bank J. C.,” were written across the face of it. On the trial the only writing proved to have been forged was that written across the face of the check. The proof was that there was no such clerk as Sparks in the bank on which the check was drawn. The counsel for the prisoner requested the court to charge the jury that the indictment did not charge the forgery of the certificate, which was no part of the check and not essential to its validity, and that the prisoner could not be convicted under the indictment which charged only the forgery of the check. The court refused so to charge, and the prisoner’s counsel excepted. I am of the opinion the court erred in refusing so to charge the jury. It was held in Rex v. Horwell (6 Carr. & Payne, 148), that a count charging a prisoner .with uttering a forged bill with intent to defraud John Alcock and others, and setting out the bill and acceptance upon it, was not supported by proof that the prisoner uttered the bill, and that the acceptance on it was a forgery. Also that a count charging that the prisoner had a bill in his possession, which was set out, with a forged acceptance on it, which was also set out, and that he, knowing the acceptance to be forged, uttered the' bill with intent to defraud" John Alcock and others, was not good because it did not charge that the prisoner uttered the forged acceptance. That holding clearly was that the acceptance was no part of the bill. The certificate written across the face of the check, in this case, was no part of the check itself. The check was perfect without it. The indictment should have 'charged that the prisoner forged the certificate or that he uttered the same as true, knowing it to be forged; or the district attorney should have proved that the check itself was forged. It is true that our statute. makes the forging of the certificate a crime (3 R. S., 5th ed., p. 951, § 33; 1st ed., p. 673), but it does not authorize a conviction on a charge of forging the check upon proof merely of the forging of the certificate. The check and certificate are as clearly different instruments as a bill of exchange and an acceptance of it. For these reasons I am of the opinion the prisoner was unlawfully convicted, and that the judgment of the Supreme Court, reversing his conviction, should be affirmed. Selden and Emott, Js., concurred in this opinion. Judgment of the Supreme Court reversed, and that of the Court of Sessions affirmed.