John Walker, Plaintiff in error, v. The President and Directors of the Bank of Washington, Defendant in error

John Walker, Plaintiff in error, v. The President and Directors of the Bank of Washington, Defendant in error. Every subsequent security» given for a loan originally usurious, however remote or often yenewed, is void. Where there was an application to a bank for a discount upon a note, to be secured collaterally, and the party applying drew checks upon the bank which were paid before the note was actually discounted; and the bank treated the note, when discounted, as having been so on the day of its date instead of a. subsequent day on which’ its proceeds were carried to the credit of the party, it was held not tó be usury. The court below was right in refusing an instruction to the jury that, upon such evidence, they might presume usury as a fact. In cases of a written contract, the question of Usury is exclusively for the decision of the court. 'This case was-brought up by writ of error from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Columbia, in the county, of Washington. The facts were these. On ,the 30th o£ January, 1840, Walker, the plaintiff in error, addressed the following letter to the bank: ■ “ Gentlemen : — I am desirous of obtaining a loan of twenty-five thousand dollars, to purchase cattle for fulfilling my contract with the government, for Ni York station, say 2000 barrels, and amounting to nearly. $27,000. ' “ In security for the above money I’ll assign all my right and title to the beef now on hand, say barrelled and salted, and ajl that I may have (reserving a prior- right'of $3000, already given for Norfolk station) at the"warehouse on Bradley’s wharf, to be subject to your control. “I’ll deposit an accepted draft of E. Kafie, Esq., navy agent, fo,r the payment of my contract for N. Y. station. “ Y’rs resp’y, Jno. Walker.” On the 6th of February, 1840$ John Walker executed a promissory note in favour of Henry Walker or order, for $10,000, payable ninety days after date, negotiable and payable at the Bank of Washington. This note- was delivered to the bank under the. circumstances stated in the first bill of éxceptions. ' The note upon which the suit was brought was a renewal of it, dated on the 9th of May, 1840, the maturity of the above. On the 19th of February, 1840, the following draft was drawn: “Elias Kane, Esq., navy agent, Washington, D. C. “ Sir : — Please*pay to James Adams, Esq., cashier of the Bank of Washington, or order, the. sum of fen thousand dollars, out of the delivery of navy beef, to be. made by me at the navy yard, Brooklyn, New York, under my contract, dated 30th September, 1839. “And oblige, sir,-very respectfully, &c., your ob’t, serv’t. “ Washington, D. C., February 19, 1840.” Jno' Walkee- On the face of the aforegoing draft was the following acceptance, to wit: “Accepted, to be paid by me, when the bills shall have been, received and duly approved by the commandant of the navy yard. “Elias Kane.” On the 20th of February, 1840, Walker executed to the bank a bill of sale of. all the beef which he had then on hand or should put up, reciting that he,-Walker, stood largely indebted to the bank on loans and discounts obtained from it,-and was anxious to secure the payment of notes that had been drawn or given, or might thereafter be drawn or given, &c., &c. On the 2d of April, 1840, the following draft was drawn, which is referred to in one of the exceptions: Elias Kane, Esq., navy agent, Washington, D. C. “ Sir : — Please pay to James Adams, Esq., or order, the amount due me for delivery of navy beef, to be delivered by me, under my contract, at the navy yard, Brooklyn, New York. “And oblige, sir, very respectfully, your ob’t serv’t, “ April 2d, 1840. Jno. Walker.” ■ On the face of the above was the following acceptance, to wit: “Accepted, to be paid by me, when the bills shall have been ' received and duly approved by the commandant of the navy yard, Brooklyn, New York. Elias Kane, Navy Agent/’ On the 9th of May, 1840, the following noté was executed upon which the suit was brought: “ [$10,000.]. City of Washington, May 9, 1840. “ Thirty days after date I promise to pay to Henry Walker, or order, ten thousand dollars, for value received. Negotiable and payable at the Bank of Washington. Jno. Walker.” “ Credit the drawer.” It was endorsed by Henry Walker, Lewis Walker, and John Walker. Not being paid at maturity, suit was brought upon it .in May, 1840, and in 1841 the case came on for trial, when the following exceptions were taken, on the part of the defendant. 1st Bill of Exceptions. “At the trial of the above cause, the plaintiffs having given evidence tending to prove the handwriting of the defendant to the promissory note declared upon, read it in evidence, and then rested. “ Whereupon the defendant then gave evidence, tending to show that the note dated on the 9th of May, 1840, was given in renewal of a previous note dated on the 6th of February, 1840, similarly signed and endorsed, payable ninety days after date; which said note, of the 6th of February, 1840, was discounted by the plaintiffs, at the request of the defendant, for his accommodation, as a loan, on the 18th February, 1840, but not passed to his credit until the 22d February, 1840; at which time, last aforesaid, an officer of the plaintiffs- deducted from the proceeds of said, note the interest bn the same, computed from the date of said note, (the 6th February, 1840,) for the period of ninety-four days, and that said note nowhere appeared on the books of the plaintiffs until the 18th February, 1840; that the whole amount credited by plaintiffs to the defendant,- as the consideration of said note dated upon the 6th February, 1840, and discounted only upon the 18th' February,' 1840, and passed to defendant upon the 22d of sanie month, was the sum of $9,843 33; and that the sum of $156 67 was taken by said plaintiffs, as the interest upon said note, for the time the same was discounted. And further gave evidence, tending .to show that the said note of the 6th of February, 1840, was surrendered to the defendant upon the execution of the said note of the 9th of May, 1840, (the said last mentioned note being but a renewal of the former,) and that the said plaintiffs credited the defendant, on account of the said note of the 9th of May, 1840, only the sum of $9,943 33, and took,, as interest upon said last named note, the sum of $56 67, which was exacted from said defendant. “Whereupon the plaintiffs gave evidence, tending to prove that, on the 20th of January, 1840, the defendant had checked out of plaintiffs’ bank $1224 93 ; that, on the 6th of February, 1840, he had checked out of plaintiffs’ bank $2500; and, on the 21st of February, 1840, he had checked out of said bank to the amount of upwards of $7000; all of which last named sums of money were charged to defendant on the books of the plaintiffs, and no-moneys or funds appeared to his credit at the time of drawing out said last mentioned sums of money; and that, on the 22d day of February, 1840, the plaintiffs credited said defendant with $9,843 33, as the proceeds of said note dated the 6th February, 1840; and the balance then appearing to be due to defendant on the books of the-plaintiffs, after charging him with the several amounts so as aforesaid drawn out of bank by him previous to the 22d of February, 1840, was $997 86; which balance was shown to the defendant, and assented' to by him. ■ • ■ “The defendant then gave evidence tending to show that the said ■note, dated 6th February, 1840, was “brought, on or after the 11th February, 1840, (it being a discount day,) bv the president of the plaintiffs, or.a book-keeper of said plaintiffs, to the discount clerk, (the witness,) and' given to him as a note not d.one, or not passed by the board of directors;. and that said note remained in the hands of-such discount clerk, until the 18th Iebruary, 1840, when. it was passed by the said board; and on the 22d February, 1840, the sum of $9,843 33 was passed to defendant’s credit as the nett proceeds of said note, and that interest, at the rate of six per centum per annum on $10,000, computed from the date of said note, for ninety-four days, was reserved at the time of entering such credit, by direction of some officer of the plaintiffs; and that it was the usual practice of plaintiffs to take, interest on discounts only from the time of making the discount; aiid that it does, not appear that defendant was credited, on plaintiffs5 books with the interest computed from the 6th of February aforesaid; “ The defendant then asked the cashier of the plaintiffs, who was sworn as a witness in said cause, whether the amounts drawn out of bank by the defendant previous to 22d February, 1840, as aforesaid, were not charged on the books of the plaintiffs as overdrafts, and were not allowed as the personal credit of the defendant. “ Whereupon .the said cashier answered, that he had no doubt but that the defendant was allowed to check upon said note of 6th February, 1840, before the same was entered to his credit on the books of the bank. And being further asked for the reasons of this opinion by the defendant’s counsel, he stated that he had no recollection of said note’s being in bank previous to .the 18th February, 1840, or of its existence, <?r of any arrangement with reference to it pre- ' vious to that date; and' that the said amounts, so checked out previous to 22d February, 1840-, would not have been paid on defendant’s checks, but for the‘knowledge, on the part of the said cashier, that he (defendant) had a large contract with the Navy Department for the supply of beef, and that for antecedent liabilities the defendant had given to plaintiffs good collateral security; from which, however, no surplus resulted after paying -sai'd liabilities;' and that the said advances made to the defendant after the 6th Februar , 1840, and previous to the 22d February, 1840, were made' o security given, or to be given; but he does not know of any security'’ given during that time, except the defendant’s letter of 30th January, 1840, a bill of sale,'by defendant to plaintiffs,'of his barrellet beef, dated 20th February, 1840', and the two acceptances of the navy agent, dated 19th February, 1840, and 2d April, 1840, and the note, dated 6th of February, 1840, of which the said cashier has' no recollection until the 18th of February, 1840; and that he is. satis*' ■ fied that said advances were not made on the personal credit of defendant. And, from all the above' circumstances, he has no doubt that said note of 6th February, 1840, was in bank from the time of its date, and that defendant was allowed' to check on said note from the day of its date. “Whereupon the defendant moved thé court to instruct. the jury that the facts mentioned by said cashier are evidence in said cause, but the inferences or opinions of said cashier are not evidence; but the court refused to. give such instructions as prayed, but instructed the jury that the inferences or opinions of said witness are not of ■themselves evidence of the facts so inferred,.but that the facts stated' by the witness, as the ground of his inference or opinion, are competent to be given in evidence to the jury,'together with the inference or opinion of the said witness; from which facts the jury-are to judge whether such inferences and opinion are justified by the facts thus stated. . Whereupon the • defendant excepts to the. said refusal and to the instructions so given, and this, his bill of exceptions, is signed, sealed, and enrolled, this 24th day of December, 1841.” , Defendant's 2d Bill of Exceptions. “After the evidence contained in the aforegoing bill of exceptions had-been given, the defendant prayed the court to instruct the jury that, ^ff the jury believe, from the evidence aforesaid, that the advances to defendant named in the evidence were not made upon the note of 6th February, 1840, and that the plaintiffs, upon discounting said note, received or reserved more than at the rate of six per centum, per annum, then the jury may infer usury, from the whole- evidence aforesaid, in said note of 6th February, 1840.’ And ‘if-the jury believe, from the evidence-aforesaid, that the note of the 9th of May, 1840, named in the evidence, was given in renewal of a former note of the defendant, dated on the 6th of February, 1840, payable in ninety days. after date, and which .last note was discounted by the plaintiffs, as a loan to the defendant, on the 18th day of. February, 1840, but was not passed to the credit of the defendant until' the 22d February, 1840, and that the said plaintiffs then charged .and' re'ceivéd interest upon the same from the date of the said_jiote, to wit, from the 6th day of February, 1840, it-is the taking above six per centum per-annum for the loan of the money made to the defendant upon said note, and iá usury; and the defendant is entitled to á verdict in his favour upon said note, notwithstanding the jury may find, from the evidence, that the defendant had overdrawn his account, as‘stated in the evidence, unless they 1 further find that the said interest, reserved as aforesaid, was credited to defendant’s account as a credit to take effect from the 6th February, 1840.’ But the court refused to grant each of said prayers, though presented setiatim. Whereupon the defendant, excepts to the said refusal; and this, his bill of exceptions, is signed, sealed, and ordered to be enrolled, this 24th of December, 1841.” Defendant's 3d Bill of Exceptions. “ In- addition to the evidence contained in the foregoing bill of exceptions, which is made part hereof, the defendant gave evidence tending to show that,, in October, 1839, the plaintiffs suspended specie payments, and have not, since that time, paid their notes in specie or its equivalent until July, 1841; and further gave evidence tending to prove that the paying teller of the plaintiffs, according to his impression, would not have paid the checks of the defendant for ' the amounts credited to defendant as aforesaid, on the 22d and 28th February, 1840,. if drawn for the entire amounts in -District bank paper or iirthe plaintiffs’ paper, ^unless he had received special instructions to that effect from the president, or unless.he, the paying teller, knew that the plaintiffs were at that time desirous of increasing the circulation of ’their own notes; that he considered he had .a dis-cretioryon that subject, in absence of instructions, and has no recollection of having received any instructions in regard to the discounts to defendant, or any general instructions as to the mode of paying discounts at that time, though it is his impression that he would not have paid .discounts to so large an amount in District bank paper or plaintiffs’ paper at.that time; nor would they, at the date' of said notes, have received on deposit paper of Virginia banks (they having also suspended at the same time) in large- amounts, or to the amount of either of said notes, unless, for the accommodation of a regular, customer of the plaintiffs, and'only in that case upon the understanding that he would receive back the said deposit in the same kind of funds; and that the plaintiffs would riot, by their officers, have received payment of the notes in suit, in case their amounts had been tendered at the time of maturity, in the paper of Virginia banks, (all of which were in a state-of suspension of specie payments,) and that the market value of Virginia bank notes, in the months of February, March, April, and May, 1840, in the city of Washington, (where the plaintiffs did business,) was from J to 1 per cent, less than the notes of the banks in said District, or the notes of banks in Baltimore, Maryland. “'And the defendant farther gave evidence to show, that on the 30th January, 1840, .he sent to the plaintiffs his written application for a loan, in these words, (see statement.) That he afterwards executed the note of the 6th February, 1840, named in the first bill of exceptions, and the note of. the 25th February, 1840, now in suit; and then was passed-to his credit, on the 22d February, 1840, on the books of die plaintiffs, the sum of $9,843 33) as the proceeds of the discount of said above-named note of the 6th February, 1840; and on the 28th February, 1840, the farther sum of $5,939 was passed to his credit on the books of the plaintiffs, as the proceeds of the discount of the note dated 25th February, 1840. That the defendant checked out of the plaintiffs’ bank the said several amounts so crer dited to him, and he gave evidence to show that some of his checks fov-.said amounts were specially- made payable in'Virginia notes’, arid were in that form. paid by the plaintiffs. That a check for upwards of $900, drawn by the defendant on plaintiffs on the.29th February, 1840, for part"of the proceeds of tire note of 25th February, 1840, passed to his credit as aforesaid, was also made myable in Virginia money on its face, but the plaintiffs, through their officers, refused to .pay even Virginia money on -said check, but against the wishes and request of the bearer, one Sinclair, (to whom the said cheek was given for value by- said defendant,) paid the said check in notes of suspended. banks in Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, being notes more depreciated in value than Virginia paper in said District of Columbia; and that said, Sinclair had to pay, on $260 of said money paid to him on said check, a discount of'$¡10, to obtain the equivalent of Virginia notes, and the balance of said proceeds of said check the said Sinclair could not pass at all, and he required the defendant to take it from him, which hé did. , And further gave evidence tend'ing to prove, that at the time of the dates of said noté, and of the proceeds thereof being credited to defendant as aforesaid, it'was the-practice of the plaintiffs, through their officers, not. to pay out the accommodations or discounts made by the plaintiffs, to such large amounts as either of said notes, in the loc.al bank paper of said District or in specie, but in paper more, depreciated than that of the said banks in said District. And further, gave evidence tending to show, that in February, March, April,- and May, 1840, notes of the Virginia banks,were not considered bankable money, and that the plaintiffs had a notice posted up in their bank; that they would not receive the paper of the Virginia banks on deposit or payment of debts; and' that the defendant did receive- the pr meeds of the loans stated as aforesaid hi Virginia paper, and some in Pennsylvania paper. “Aiid the- plaintiffs, in cross-examining the said witness in said • cause, further proved, that said Walker always drew out personally, and on his checks, either the Virginia money or- the other money, as he desired or'directed, and generally such as he-asked for, and never at any time made any objection to the moneys he was paid in; and further, that he declared that Virginia money was as good to him as any funds in which he could-be paid, and .that he preferred it to any other.. And further proved, that the state of the'bank,.and its business, and the notes they usuallyjp aid out, at the date of " said defendant’s letter,, and at the date of the notes-and the times of their-being discounted, were well known, to-"the-eustomers of.the bank; and that the defendant was then, and had been before, a' considerable customer; and that all the notes of Virginia banks, or of other banks, paid opt to' defendant or-other dealers, were received by the] bank in the way of its business, at par; and notwithstanding the notice aforesaid, the bank took ’such notes in small payments, or when mixed with others in large payments, or on deposit by, customers whose business was such .as induced the officers to expect "that they-would take the same sort of notes in payment from the bank. “And .the plaintiffs further, proved, on the cross examination of said witness, the cashief of said bank, that,- at thq time of th'e dates and discounting the said notes, it was the custoin.'of.thehankto pay out, for the proceeds of its-discounts, its own notes, or the notes of other .banks, as desired by the parties receiving such discounts; that, when the parties required it, they paid out their own notes- and when no particular paper was required, they, paid out. such as had most accumulated, and if was most .convenient for the bank to pay out; and that said Walker, if he had insisted on it, would, at the times nf payment to him of' said proceeds of said notes, according to their then practice, have had paid to him the same iit their own notes.' “ Whereupon the defendant prayed the court to instruct the jury, as follows, to wit:— “Prayer No. 4: , “ That if the jury believe, from the evidence aforesaid, that at the time the plaintiffs advanced the amounts of the notes hi question, after deducting the discounts on the same, it was well understood and arranged between the plaintiffs and defendant, that the said amount should be advanced and loaned by plaintiffs to defendant, on condition that defendant should draw such amounts from said bank in Virginia bank notes, or in notes of other state banks in .a state of suspension of specie payments — all which notes were depreciated in the market, and-commonly passed below the current value of the notes of the said bank, and notes of other suspended banks in this District* and all without exception, as well the -notes of the said bank as of •other suspended bánks of this District, were considerably depreciated, and commonly passed below the current money of the United States ;■ and thafftiefendant- did, in pursuance of the terms and conditions ,of said loan, in fact receive the amount of said loans from the plaintiffs in the bank notes of Virginia and of other states, which, at the time the same were so received by defendant, were depreciated considerably below the current value of tire' bank notes, of this District, and still more considerably depreciated below the standard and current -value of the current money of the United States, without any allowance for the depreciation of the same; ■ and that such depreciation was well known to plaintiffs at the- time and times of .such loans; and that defendant would not have been permitted, and in fact was-not permitted, by the plaintiffs or the .officers of said bank, to draw out the amounts of such loans from the said bank,-either in the notes of said bank, or of other solvent though suspended banks of this - District, or in the current money of the United States; and that the plaintiffs were to .have received,, and expected to receive, in repayment of-said advances and loans, current money of the United States, out of the said drafts on the navy agent, and would not have received, in repayment of said loans, the whole amount of either loan or note, the bapk notes of Virginia or of other state banks in a state of supension; and that such current- money of the United' States -was then at a premium very considerably over and in 'exchange for the notes of any of the suspended, state banks, and of any of the banks in this District: then tíre jury should conclude from said'facts, that the said loans, were usurious, and the said notes void. “ Prayer No. 5: “ If the.jury believe, from the evidence aforesaid, that there was an application by the defendant to - the plaintiffs for a loan of a large sum of - money, and that the defendant being in want of-such sum of money, the plaintiffs agreed with him to loan him the amounts of the notes in suit, provided he would take the said amounts (after deducting therefrom the rate of six per centum on the same for the time the said notes had to run) in notes of Virginia banks in a state of suspension, or some other state banks in a state of suspension, at their nominal-amount; which said suspended bank notes were -then depreciated in value below the value of the District bank notes, and much more depreciated below the value of specie; and that defendant-.would previously execute his notes to the plaintiffs for the nominal amounts so to be advanced to him, superadding thereto the interest on the amount mentioned in each of said notes for the time said note had to run; and that the defendant, in pursuance of said agreement, did afterwards receive the said notes of suspended banks in Virginia and other suspended state banks: And that if the jury further find that the bank reserved, on the respective nominal amounts of money so loaned to the defendant, interest thereon at the -rate of six per centum per annum, paying him the balance of said loans in the depreciated paper aforesaid, and that the plaintiffs, according to the agreement between them and defendant, expected and intended to receive the amount of the notes in suit, with interest thereon* in specie, or in funds of greater value than the money so paid, as the proceeds of said notes as aforsaid: then the said facts, if believed by the jury, constitute an usurious agreement, and all contracts founded thereon are null and void. “Prayer No. 6: “If, from the evidence aforesaid, the jury shall find an agreement between the plaintiffs and the defendant, by which the defendant borrgwed from the said plaintiffs the amounts of money mentioned in said notes, deducting interest on said amounts at the rate, of six per centum per year, and that the proceeds of said loans were paid to-the defendant by the plaintiffs in depreciated bank notes, as a device, and with intent to eva'de the statute of usury, and that the said notes were founded on such agreement, and made in pursuance thereof: -then the jury ought to find the said agreement to be usurious. “ Prayer No.1 7: “ If the jury believe, from the evidence aforesaid, that the notes -in suit were given in consideration of a loan or loans of money made-by plaintiffs to defendant, and that by the terms of the agreement on which said loan or loans were made, the defendant was compelled to take the same in depreciated paper, (well known to the plaintiffs to be depreciated,) whereby the defendant not only paid the legal interest on the nominal'amount of said loans, but sustained a loss on the depreciated paper with which the plaintiffs paid him: then it is competent for the jury to infer' usury from the whole circumstances in evidence. “Prayer No. 8: “ It is competent for the jury, from all the circumstances in evidence, to infer usury in the agreement or agreements on which the notes in suit were founded. “ But the court refused each of said prayers, though presented seri-atim, and the defendant excepts to such refusal, and claims the same benefit of exception as if each refusal aforesaid was separately excepted to. And this his bill of exceptions is signed, sealed, and ordered to be enrolled, this 24th day of December, 1841.” Brent, for the plaintiff in error. Hellen, for the defendants in error. [MAJORITY — Mr. Justice WAYNE] Mr. Justice WAYNE delivered the opinion of the court. This suit is brought upon a promissory note, given in renewal of. a former note, which had been discounted by the defendants in error. The defendants in the court below deny that the plaintiffs have any right of action upon the note sued on, on the ground that the first note was tainted with usury. Such is' the law in such a case. The mere change of securities for the same usurious loan to the same party who received the usury, or to a person having notice of the usury, does not purge th'e original illegal consideration, so as to give a right of action on the new security. Every subsequent security given for a loan originally usurious, however remote or often renewed, is void. Tuthill v. Davis, 20 J. R. 285; Reed v. Smith, 9 Cow. 647, and the cases of Sauerwein v. Brunner, 1 Harr. & Gill, 477 ; Thomas v. Catheral, 5 Gill & Johns. 23, decided in .the courts of appeal in Maryland, under the statute of which state, it is said,. the note now sued upon is void. But such is -not the case before.us. The defendant, Walker, ha’d entered into "a contract with the United States to supply the navy with beef?" and to enable himself to do it, he applied to the bank, by letter dated the 30th January, for a loan of $25,000, and offered as a security a,- draft- upon E. Kane, the navy agent, and also to assign to the bank die beef which he might put up. The bank accepted his offer, but before Walker gave the draft upon Mr. Kane, or made the assignment, he drew his note on the 6th day of February, seven days after he had written his letter asking for a lorn, for $10,000, at ninety days, and handed it into bank;- which note, at maturity, was renewed by the note of the 9th May, now in suit. . This note, however, washot discounted until the 18th February, and when then done, .the proceeds, were not passed to his credit until the 22d. The. cause .of the delay, in both particulars, the proof in the case shows, was, that Walker did not, until the 19th of February, draw hisdraft.uponthe navy agent, as he had proposed to do, or make an .‘assignment fif..he beef to the bank, until tire 20th. He may or may not have passed the navy agent’s acceptance to the bank oh the day it is‘ dated, „dr-have delivered his deed for the beef the day after; but between thqse days and.the 22d inclusive, he did so, and the bank’s security being then in its possession ás he had offered it, the proceeds of his $10,000 note was, on the last mentioned day, passed to his' credit. But, in the mean time, Walker had drawn out of the bank, upon his checks, morerthan seven thousand dollars, with which he was debited when the proceeds of bis note were carried to his credit; which sum and the interest upon it, computed for ninety-four days, from the date of the' note, left a balance to his credit of $997 86. .The computation of the interest from the 6th February; instead of •from the day when the proceeds were carried to his credit, is the usury complained of. The letter of the defendant of the 30th January, asking for the loan of $25,000; the acceptances, of his drafts upon the navy agent by that officer, and the defendant’s assignment to the bank of certain portions of the beef which he had on hand, and'which he might put up under his contract with the United States, and which ■ assignment 'was not executed until the 20th February, were in evidence before the court below. The assignment recites the defendant’s contract with the United States, so far vas it was • necessary to introduce the- contract which he was about to make in it with the bank; .then His indebtment to the bank for loans and discounts, his intention to secure the payment of the money due by him, and all drafts, note or notes that have been given for the same, or might be afterwards given by way of substitution or renewal of such drafts or notes, or any of them, &c., &c., and then states that the money which had already been advanced or loaned, or which might afterwards be advaneed-or loaned by the bank to the defendant, being for the purpose of enabling him to fulfil his contract with the United States. Now, the proof is positive, on both sides, that the note sued on was given in renewal of the note of the 6th February, which had first been given under his proposal for a loan, and that it was intended to be the note, the payment of which was to be secured by the assignment. Such being the .evidence, the court correctly refused every instruction which was asked to refer the question of .usury to the jury as a fact. It was a case of a written contract, in which the court had the exclusive power of deciding whether it was usurious or not. Levy v. Gadsby, 3 Cranch, 180. But, if it were'not so, we think the instructions, as they v?ere asked, could not Have been given by the court to the jury. Each' of them called upon the court to give an opinion upon the sufficiency of the evidence, and in all of them, except the eighth, there was a separation of the facts from the entire evidence, so as to bring them under the cases of Scott v. Lloyd, 9 Peters, 418; Greenleaf v. Booth, 9 Peters, 292; and that of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Co. v. Knapp, 9 Peters, 541. Nor do we think that there was any error in the instruction given by the court to the jury under the defendant’s first prayer. The court sufficiently distinguish between the facts of the cashier’s evidence and His belief, and tell the jury that they are to determine by the facts whether the cashier’s inferences were justified. The judgment of the court is affirmed.