Harbour v. The State

Harbour v. The State. Indictment for Murder. 1. Horn,icicle; when threats by deceased inadmissible.- — On a trial • under an indictment for murder or-manslaughter, a general, indefinite threat made by.the deceased two days-before the killing, not mentioning the defendant,- and not shown to h£(.ve .any reference to him, — such as “If I find out certain things have transpired, I will stamp the life out of somebody,” — is not admissible as evidence 'for the defendant. 2. Homicide; charge as to fighting willingly. — On 'a trial under an indictment for murder, a charge which instructs the jury that “when the law says one must not fight willingly, it does not mean that he shall not fight willingly or intentionally .for his protection; it means that-he shall not fighr willingly or intentionally to gratify his own desire to fight,” asserts an erroneous proposition, and is properly refused. 3. Same; same — In such a case a charge is properly refused which instructs the jury “that the law which says that a man must not fight in a difficulty willingly, does not mean that he can not fight willingly when he fights in self-defense;” such charge having a tendency to mislead the jury. 4. Charge of court to jury; objection to evidence introduced cannot be raised thereby. — Where illegal or irrelevant evidence is offered in the trial of a case, objection thereto should be made at the time of such offer, and if overruled, an exception should then be reserved, in order to present the question on appeal; and when such objection is not made and exception reserved, the question as to the introduction of the illegal or irrelevant evidence cannot be raised by charges to the jury, instructing them not to consider such illegal or irrelevant evidence 5. Homicide; admissibility of evidence; res gestae. — On a trial under an indictment for murder, it is competent for the witness to testify to exclamations made by the daughter of the defendant immediately preceding the fatal blow; it being shown that such exclamations were made pending the difficulty be-between the defendant and the deceased.- Such exclamations constitute a part of the res gestae of the difficulty. Appeal from the Circuit Court of DeKalb. Tried before the Hon. J. A. Bilbro. The appellant in this case, Wright Harbour, was indicted for the murder of one Nick Petty by shooting him with a gun or pistol. On the first trial of the defendant under such indictment, he was convicted of manslaughter in the first degree. This judgment of conviction was set aside, and a new trial was granted to the defendant. On the second trial, from a judgment in which the present appeal is prosecuted, the defendant introduced his plea of former acquittal as to murder in either degree. The truth of this plea was confessed by the solicitor for the State. An issue was joined upon the defendant’s plea of not guilty of manslaughter in the first degree, as charged in the indictment. On the trial under this issue, the State introduced evidence showing that in De-kalb county, prior to the finding of the indictment in this case, the defendant shot and killed Nick Petty with a pistol. The evidence introduced by the defendant tended to show at the time he shot the deceased, the latter was approaching him with a drawn' knife, with which he had tried to cut him, and that as he continued to come towards him, the defendant fired upon the deceased and killed him. The facts relating to the exceptions reserved to the rulings of the trial court upon the evidence, which are revieived in the present appeal, are sufficiently shown in the opinion. The defendant, as a witness in his own behalf, after testifying to the circumstances of the killing, testified that when he went to the house of his daughter, the wife of one Wallace Reid, he carried a pistol concealed about his person. There was no objection interposed to this testimony of the defendant at the time it was given; and the defendant further testified the reason he carried the pistol was that his life had been threatened. The other facts of the case necessary to an understanding of the decision on the present appeal are sufficiently set forth in the opinion. The defendant requested the court, among others, to give to the jury the following written charges, and separately excepted to the court’s refusal to,give each of said charges as asked: (2.) “When the law says that one must not fight willingly, it does not mean that he shall not fight willinglv or intentionally for his protection ; it means that he shall not fight willingly or intentionally to gratify his own desire to fight.” (3.) “The court charges the jury that whether or not Harbour had a pistol concealed about bis person at the time of the difficulty between him and Petty, is no evidence that Harbour killed Petty unlawfully.” (4.) “The court charges the jury that the law which says that a man must not fight in a difficulty willingly, does not mean that he cannot fight willingly when he fights in self-defense.” The defendant was convicted of manslaughter in the first degree, and sentenced to imprisonment in the penitentiary for six years. From this judgment of conviction the present appeal is prosecuted. ■ Davis & Haralson, Dortch & Martin and Goodhue & Blackwood, for appellant. The defendant should have been allowed to introduce the statement made by the deceased two days prior to the fatal difficulty. Such statement was in the nature of a threat. — Ford v. State, 71 Ala. 396; Jones v. State, 76 Ala. 15; Jordan v. State, 79 Ala. 12; Anderson v. State, 79 Ala. 5; Harrison v.-State, 79 Ala. 29. The court -erred' in refusing to give the second and fourth charges requested by the defendant. — Hornsby v. State, 94 Ala. 65; Dommgus v. State, 94 Ala. 9; Karr v. State, 106. Ala. .L ■' Massey Wilson, ■ Attorney-General, ■ for the State. ■ The threat on the-part of the deceased which was sought to be shown by the witness Appleton, if it can be classed as a threat, was not shown to -have reference to defendant; and, therefore, it did not imply any purpose to injure him. “A mere general threat, or one not directed to any special person, is not in such .case admissible as- evidence to show air intent to harm a particular individual.- — H&nson- v. State, 120 Ala. 316, 320; King v. State, 89 Ala. 146,149. The law does -not recognize the right -of any man to fight, except under certain conditions, and he -is -required to be free frorh fault in bringing, on- the difficulty, -and if free from fault,'there must-be imminent-danger to life or limb, and there.must-bé-no reasonable mode of escape without‘increasing -his-own peril. When-these conditions exist, and not- until, has he -the right -to fight and kill his-adversary.- The charge was- incorrect and misleading. — 1-Mitchell v. State, 129 -Ala;- 23, 40.-. • This charge is subject to the'vice-of singling out and making unduly prominent certain-parts of'the evidence. Goldsmith v: State, 105 Ala. 8. . [MAJORITY — DOWDELL,] DOWDELL, defendant offered.to prove by one Appleton, a . witness- sworn in his behalf, that two days before-the killing, witness had a-conversation with deceased “about school matters,- also about some other matters,” and the deceased .said: “If I find out certain things have transpired, I will stamp the life out of somebody.” An objection by the- State was sustained to this evidence. It was not shown, nor attempted to be shown, that the defendant was in any wise connected with the “school matters,” nor that any reference was made, to the defendant in the “some other matters” talked about. No particular person was designated, and..the threat was conditioned and general. • There is. nothing, in the record affording any-inference That the threat had any reference whatever to, the defendant. .The difficulty .that occurred- two days . after: the threat, and .the circumstances under which it. occurred, fail to suggest any connection of the defendant, with the-threat. The threat being.in its nature general, as evidence,-it falls; within the rule.of exclusion, laid, down in. King v. State, 89 Ala. 146, and Henson v. State, 120 Ala. 316. Besides,..there was no pretense that: the'deceased, ever .found.'that “certain things had transpired,”; and -upon, which the threat was Conditionally based. We are of.'the opinionthat the objection.to this; evidence was properly-¡sustained. The next insistence in. argument, by counsel- for appellant of error in the ruling of the trial court, is the.refusal.of written charges,'two and four, requested by the defendants. - It: is urged that these; charges ¡ assert the law as laid down by this- court in Hornsby v. State, 94 Ala. 65, and Domingus v. State, 94 Ala. 9, and reiterated in Karr v. State, 106 Ala. 1. The principle referred to.in-these cases,.is-‘Stated in Hornby’s case, supra, as follows-: “There may be a -formed ¡design to take- life.by one1 acting entirely, in • self-defense; -. If; -a- party .is without fault in provoking a; difficulty, if there is no reasonable way-open to: him-to retreat: and i escape,and'if the assault-upon him is ,of such a character as-to .endanger his-life, or such as-to.Impress a rea,sonable.man that,,to save'his-owfi.-life -it-is';necessary;¡to¡strike, ¡he ¡may-¡strike in self-defense, and with the formed design, to take.--life,, and if death to his-assailant ensues,' under, such-.circumstances., it "will--be:,excusable, homicide/’" ¡There-is, ¡no trouble with the .doctrine here .announced, but; th,e .difficulty dies-in applyirig this-'doctrine, to charge .two as -requested:-: ■. That1 charge-Tails-¡short of.¡asserting',what.is contained in the--principle stated-.-. While-it is-true,: that the law,-when-it.-says one -must not • fight ■ “willingly,” means-!that .one must not-'fight “willingly”-to “gratify Ms'own-desire-to fight” lit -means more than this;,-, it means that he must not fight at all, whether it1 be to gratify a propensity to fight or not, unless he is free from fa,ult. in bringing on the difficulty, and has no reasonable way open for retreat without increasing bis peril, and the assault upon him is of such a character as to endanger his life, or such as to impress a reasonable man that to save his own life or himself from great bodily harm, it is necessary to strike. For the reason stated the charge was bad, and the court properly refused to give it. The fourth charge is similar to the second, though it does not proceed to the extent of the latter in undertaking to define what the law means, when it says one must not fight “willingly.” This charge, however, is not free from a tendency to mislead the jury. If it does not assume that the defendant fought in self-defense, it is nevertheless faulty in leaving the jury to say what constitutes self-defense, and for this reason was properly refused. The defendant was on trial for manslaughter in the first degree. The indictment charged murder, but he had on a former trial been convicted of manslaughter in the first degree, and, therefore, acquitted of the charge of murder, and on this trial to all intents and purposes the indictment charged manslaughter in the first degree, and no greater offense. It was the same in effect as if the indictment had in terms charged manslaughter in the first degree. In Henson v. State, 114 Ala. 28, where the defendant was on trial for manslaughter, it was ruled that it was not permissible, against the objection of the defendant, to prove that the defendant had the pistol with which he did.the killing concealed about his person. In that case the question arose on objection to the introduction of evidence, here the evidence went in without objection, 'and the question is sought to be raised by instructions to the jury in written charges, requested by the defedant. In the first place charges of like character to this one have been not unfrequently criticised and condemned by this court as being argumentative.-Stone v. State, 105 Ala. 603; Fontain v. State, 98 Ala. 40; Brassell v. State, 91 Ala. 45; Waxelbourn & Son v. Bell, 91 Ala. 331. Besides all this, it is not the proper practice to meet the introduction of illegal or irrelevant evidence by instructions to the jury. Objection should be made and exception taken to the ruling of the court when the .evidence is offered. In Thompson on Trials, Yol. 1, § 700, it is said: “Objections to evidence cannot, as a general rule, be made by a motion to instruct the jury to disregard the particular evidence.” This, it may be said, has become the well understood rule in this State. Tt does not clearly appear whether the evidence here was elicited in response to a question, or was stated in a narrative way, but in either event, objection to it should have been seasonably made, and exception taken to the ruling of the court in order to be availing on appeal. There, is one other question raised by the record that is insisted on by counsel for appellant, and that is the admission of the testimony of the witness Wallace Reid against the objection of the defendant. This witness testified that when he proceeded down the road after his runaway team he heard his wife, who was the daughter of the defendant, screaming, and heard her exclaim, “don’t papa, don’t do that.” At this time he saw the defendant and another, man, who afterwards turned out to be the deceased, in witness’ yard, which he had just left, and heard two pistol shots, the smoke of the pistol rising and going from the defendant. The objection now insisted on, went to the exclamation testified to — “don’t papa, don’t do" that.” This exclamation was contemporaneous with the main transaction, and under the evidence in the case, we think clearly a part of the res gestae.' It is not the case of an independent expression of opinion of a disinterested bystander going solely to the motive of the defendant for the act- done, as is urged in argument by counsel. It was contemporaneous with the difficulty that resulted in the killing, and in a measure illustrative of its character. That the words spoken were such as to afford an inference to be drawn by the jury that in the opinion of the speaker it was not necessary for the defendant to shoot, would not affect the admissibility when otherwise competent as forming a part of the res gestae. We think this evidence was properly admitted. There are other exceptions reserved, but not insisted on; we have, however, examined them, and- find they are without merit. ■ We find no error in the record, and the judgment must be affirmed. Affirmed.