The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Thomas F. Corbalis and Others, Respondents

The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Thomas F. Corbalis and Others, Respondents. Selling pools on a horse race — when an indictment therefor sufficiently states the crime and the acts constituting it—when it is not defective for duplicity—if the defendant is not advised with sufficient definiteness of the acts with which he is charged, he should apply for a hill ofparticulars. An indictment charging the defendants with the crime of pool selling in violation of section 351 of the Penal Code consisted of twu paragraphs. The 1st paragraph alleged that the grand jury accused the defendants “of the crime of : feloniously> outside of any trotting course, race course, authorized by or entitied to the benefits of Chapter 570 of the Laws of the State of New.York for the year 1895, * . * * as amended by Chapter 446 of the Laws of the State of New York for the year 1897, engaging, assisting, aiding and abetting in pool selling, and selling pools upon the result of a trial of and contests of, speed and power of endurance of beasts, committed as follows.” The 2d paragraph of the indictment charged that the defendants, on a specified day, at a specified place, “did feloniously outside of a trotting course, race course authorized by and entitled to the benefits of Chapter 570 of the Laws of the State of New York, for the year 1895, * * * as amended by Chapter 446 of the Laws of the State of New York, for the year 1897, engage, aid, assist and abet in pool selling and selling pools upon the result of a trial and contest of speed and power of endurance of beasts, to wit: horses, on the nineteenth day of January in the year nineteen hundred and three, taking place, being conducted and had at Oakland in the State of California and New Orleans in the State of Louisiana.” Meld, that the indictment was not demurrable upon the ground that it did not comply with the rule that an indictment must first state the crime and then the acts constituting the crime; That the crime was sufficiently charged in the 1st paragraph of the indictment, and that the acts constituting the crime were sufficiently charged in the 2d paragraph thereof; - That if the defendants believed that they were not sufficiently advised by the indictment as to the particular facts which would be proved against them, it was their duty to apply for a bill of particulars; That the indictment was not invalid for duplicity. Appeal by the plaintiff, The People of the State of New York, from an order of the County Court of Westchester county, entered in the- office of the clerk of the county of Westchester on the 11th day of May, 1903, sustaining the defendants’ demurrer to an indictment against them charging them with the crime of pool selling, in violation of section 351 of the Penal Code, and directing that the charge be resubmitted to the grand jury. The indictment demurred to was as follows : “ The Grand Jury of the County of Westchester by this indictment accuse Thomas F. Corbalis, John H. Hanratty, Michael Devanney, Thomas Kelly, Sylvester Smith and John Burnes of the crime of feloniously, outside of any trotting course, race course, authorized by or entitled to the benefits of Chapter 570 of the Laws of the State of New York for the year 1895 entitled ‘An Act for the incorporation of Associations for the improvement of the breed of horses and (to) regulate the same and to establish a State Racing Commission.’ as amended by Chapter 446 of the Laws.of the State of Sew York for the year 1897, engaging, assisting, aiding and abetting in pool selling, and selling pools upon the result of a trial of and contests of, speed and power of endurance of beasts, committed as follows: “ That Thomas F. Corbalis, John H. Hanratty, Michael Devanney, Thomas Kelly, Sylvester Smith and John. Burnes, late of; the City of Yonkers, in the County of Westchester, and State of Sew York, with force and arms at the City of Yonkers aforesaid, on the nineteenth day of January in the year nineteen hundred and three, did feloniously outside of a trotting course, race course authorized by and entitled to the benefits of Chapter 570 of the Laws of the State of Sew York, for the year 1895, entitled 1 An Act for the Incorporation of Associations for the improvement of the breed of horses, and (to) regulate the same, and to establish a State Racing Commission,’ as amended by Chapter 446 of the Laws of the State of Sew York, for the year 1897, engage, aid, assist and abet in pool selling and selling pools upon the result of a trial and contest of speed and power of endurance of beasts, to wit: horses, on the nineteenth day of January in the year nineteen hundred and three, taking place, being conducted and had at Oakland in the State of California and Sew Orleans in the State of Louisiana, the said Thomas F. Corbalis, John H. Hanratty, Michael Devanney, Thomas Kelly, Sylvester Smith and John Burnes, not being subject to the penalty provided in and by Section 18 of Chapter 570 of the Laws of the State of Sew York for the year 1895 as amended by Chapter 446 of the Laws of the State of Sew York for the year 1897, and no other penalty being provided by law to punish the aforesaid felonious acts of the said Thomas F. Corbalis, John H. Hanratty, Michael Devanney, Thomas Kelly, Sylvester Smith and John Burnes, than the imprisonment in State prison and fine provided and prescribed in and by Section 351 of the Penal Code of the State of Sew York, contrary to the form of the Statute in such case made and provided.” J. Addison Young, for the appellants. Robert M. Moore, for the respondents Corbalis and others. David H. Hunt, for the respondent Smith. [MAJORITY — Hooker, J. :] Hooker, J. : The demurrants seek to sustain the judgment appealed from upon the ground that the indictment in question does not comply with the rule that it must first state the crime and second the acts constituting the crime. Upon this question is cited the case of People v. Dumar (106 N. Y. 502) and the doctrine is reiterated in People v. Klipfel (160 id. 371) ; People v. Peckens (153 id. 576) ; People v. Helmer (154 id. 596, 600) ; People v. Willis (158 id. 392, 396). The indictment in its 1st paragraph clearly charges the crime for it makes the charge in the words of the statute, and this has many times been held sufficient. (Phelps v. People, 72 N. Y. 334 ; People v. West, 106 id. 293 ; People v. Herlihy, 66 App.. Div. 534 ; affd. on opinion below, 170 N. Y. 584.) Í The question then comes to the acts constituting the crime, and .reference to the 2d paragraph of the indictment shows that it is alleged that the defendants on a given day did feloniously outside the race course authorized by law, “ engage * * * in pool selling and selling pools upon the result of a trial and contest of speed "and power of endurance of ” horses on the day named. This we think is a sufficient statement of the acts constituting the crime. In "the Herlihy Case (supra) a demurrer was- interposed to- the indictment which charged the defendant with failure to suppress houses ■of ill-fame on the ground that the statement of facts constituting the 'Crime was hot sufficient. The Appellate Division, first department, ¡said the meaning of the words “ houses of ill-fame ” is well understood, and these words of themselves, irrespective of other description, are sufficient in an indictmént charging an officer with omission of duty in respect thereto; where a statute defines a crime, it is sufficient in respect thereto. The opinion further states: “ While I am of the opinion that the words ‘ houses of ill-fame ’" would have been sufficient without any further description, it certainly does not take from the sufficiency of" the statement of the acts constituting the crime to add thereto a statement of acts which constitute the houses of the character described.” The indictment was upheld and the judgmeht affirmed in the Court of Appeals upon the opinion of Mr. Justice McLaughlin. The Century Dictionary defines the term ££engage” as to 11 take part; as, to engage in conversation.” The term “ pool selling and selling pools ” can have no equivocal "meaning, and has such a place in the language as to define the act with as great clearness.as is true of houses of ill-fame. The word “pool-selling” is not only used in section 351 of the Penal Code, but is ■employed in the 9th section of article 1 of the Constitution, where it is provided that no “ pool-selling, book-making or any other kind of gambling” shall “be authorized or allowed.” It is clear, therefore, that sufficient facts are stated to constitute the crime. A statement of more than this indictment contains would lead to the pleading of evidence; that this is unnecessary has long been established, both in criminal and civil procedure. The respondents contend as well that the indictment is not sufficient to enable them properly to prepare for trial, and suggest that if this indictment was not challenged by way of a demurrer, many sets of facts might be put in evidence by the prosecution, such as that the defendants contributed the capital for the enterprise; that defendants formed a corporation for the purpose; that they employed agents through whom they committed the act; that defendants, or •one of them, kept watch to prevent those actually engaged from being apprehended; that the defendants gave money to another to carry on the enterprise, and that they acted as solicitors for the principals. It must be considered as now settled that if these defendants believe that they are insufficiently advised as to the particular facts that will be proven to make out against them a case under the statute, their remedy is by a bill of particulars. Judge Cullen, speak.ing for the Court of Appeals in the recent case of People v. Stedeker (175 N. Y. 61), says that it is unnecessary that an indictment specify the particular house or building in Hew York city in which the •defendants were charged with keeping and occupying a room for the purposes forbidden by section 351 of the Penal Code, and uses "this language: “ If there were any question as to the particular place where it is charged that the offense had been committed by which the appellants could be in any way misled or prejudiced in their defense, the remedy was by motion for a bill of particulars.” (Citing Tilton v. Beecher, 59 N. Y. 176.) Wharton’s Criminal Pleading and Practice (8th ed. § 702) announces a similar doctrine : “ Wherever the indictment is so general as to give the -defendant inadequate notice of the charge he is expected to meet, the court, on his application, will require the prosecution to furnish him with a bill of particulars of the evidence intended to be relied on.” The claim- that the indictment is invalid for.duplicity cannot be sustained. Where an offense may be committed by doing one or more of several- things the indictment may, in a single count, allege them together, and conviction may be had on proof of commission of any one of the things without proof of the commission of the others. (Bork v. People, 91 N. Y. 5 ; People v. Harris, 123 id. 70.) Here the indictment charges that the defendants did “ engage,, aid, assist and abet in pool selling and selling pools.” In the Herlihy Case (supra) it was charged that defendant, between the 22d day of September, 1899, and the 18th day of Hovember, 1900, allowed 109 houses of prostitution to flourish, and yet it was held that the indictment charged one offense. This court has recently had occasion to pass upon a similar question in People v. Kane (43 App. Div. 472). The court said, by Mr. Justice Jekks in the court below r “ The fact that the statute is expressed in disjunctives, while, the. indictment employs conjunctives ;— violating and evading and committing a fraud—is not fatal. Aside from the grave question, whether a statutory misdemeanor can be charged in the disjunctive,, it is clear that a charge in the form, followed is well made. The; pleader may allege all breaches in a single count, employing 1 and ’’ where the statute reads ‘ or,’ and there is no duplicity, and the crime' will be established upon proof of any one of the infractions. (1 Bish. New Cr. Proc. §§434, 586 ; Whart. Cr. Pl & Pr. §228 ; Bork v. People, 91 N. Y. 5 ; People v. Davis, 56 id. 95 ; People v. Wicks, 11 App. Div. 539 ; People v. Smith, 5 N. Y. Supp. 22.)” It follows, therefore, that the indictment is good, and that the judgment appealed from should be reversed. Goodrich, P. J., Bartlett and Jenks, JJ., concurred. Order allowing demurrer to indictment reversed and demurrer disallowed.