JOSEPH ROLETTE, appellant, vs. JANE F. ROLETTE and BERNARD W. BRISBOIS, appellees

JOSEPH ROLETTE, appellant, vs. JANE F. ROLETTE and BERNARD W. BRISBOIS, appellees, Appeal from Cranford county. A deed entered into between husband and wife of one part and a trustee of the other, executed after a separation between the husband and wife for the purpose of securing to the wife a separate maintenance, is a valid contract, and cannot be rescinded in chancery at the suit of the husband on the ground of its being against tho policy of the law. On the 22d September, 1834, Joseph Rolette, and Jane F. his wife, having been fof some time living separately and apart from 'each other, entered into an indenture with Bernard W. Brisbois, a trustee mutually chosen, by which, among other things, Joseph Rolette covenanted to the trustee to furnish and provide a separate maintenance for his wife, as specified in said deed. After some time the husband refused to furnish the support and maintenance for his wife according to the terms of the deed, and Bris-bois, the trustee, cammenced an action of covenant to recover damages for the refusal. Pending the action, on the 10th March, 1840, another indenture was entered into between the said Ro-lette and wife of the one part and the said Brisbois as a trustee of the other, which recited: “that whereas circumstances have, for several years last past, prevented the said Joseph Rolette and Jane F. Rolette his wife from living together in the relations of husband and wife; and whereas the said Jane still chooses to live separately and apart from her said husband, and the said parties have agreed that'she shall do so;” and then provided, that in consideration of the obligation of the said Joseph to support his said wife suitably to her condition in life, and in consideration of five dollars to him paid, ho, the said Joseph, granted to the said Bris-bois in trust for the sole and separate use of the wife, an annuity of the yearly sum of eight hundred dollars payable quarterly for the life of the wife. By subsequent provisions of the deed, the action of covenant was to be dismissed, and all causes of action for . which it was commenced were released, and the deed of the 22d September, 1834, was cancelled. The payment of the annuity, and the covenant of the latter deed, were secured by a bond to the trustee in the penalty of thirty thousand dollars, and a mortgage upon real estate at Prairie du Chien. Joseph Rolette filed a bill in chancery in the Crawford District Court, against his wife and the trustee, setting up the latter deed, bond, and mortgage, and also the deed that was cancelled; charging that the separation was of her will and not of his; that he was willing to support her at his .own house, and that the said deed, bond, and mortgage were, without any sufficient consideration, contrary to the whole policy of the law in relation to marriage, and against the interest, order, and happiness of society. The bill prayed that the said deed, bond, and mortgage should be surrendered up and cancelled. To this bill tho defendant filed a general demurrer, and at the October term, 1842, the District Court decreed that the bill be dismissed with costs. From this decree the complainant appealed to this Court. EastMaw, for appellant: Contracts for the separation of husband'and wife, and for separate maintenance, founded on such separation, have undergone great scrutiny in the English and American, courts of late years. The current of modern decisions is against the validity of all agreements of the kind. The case of Rogers vs. Rogers, 4 Paige’s Chy. Rep, 516, do-cided in New York in 1834, was where a contract for a separate maintenance had been entered into between the husband and wife with a trustee, In that case the Chancellor said: “ It is impossible for a feme covert to make any valid agreement with her husband to live separately from him, in violation of the marriage contract, and the duties she owes to society, unless it be done under the sanction of a court of chancery, and then only when the conduct of the husband would entitle the wife to a decree for a separation. The law of the land does not sanction a voluntary agreement fora separation between husband and wife.” The ecclesiastical courts in England have decided, that it is impossible for the parties in marriage lawfully to relieve each other from their reciprocal duties, which the relation of husband and wife impose upon them. Those courts consider it an illegal contract, exhibiting a dereliction of those mutual offices which the parties are not at liberty to desert; an assumption of a false cha-raefer, contrary to the real status persones which they have contracted to observo and abide by. In Rogers vs. Rogers, the Chancellor referred to the case of Westmeath vs. Westmeath, 2 Haggard^ Eccl. Rep. 238; and also to the case oí Mortimer vs. Mortimer, id. 543. The case of Westmeath vs. Westmeath, was an application to the consisloral court for a restoration of conjugal rights. In December, 1817, in consequence of the brutal conduct of Lord Westmeath, a deed of separation was executed to a trustee, providing for a separate maintenance. They, however, continued to live together until 1818. In November, 1818, a new instrument of separation was executed, and £300 per an-num settled upon the lady. This deed recites that disputes and difficulties had arisen between the parties, and “ that they were on the point of living separate and apart, but by the mutual intervention of friends, she had cpnsented to- live and cohabit with him after the execution of the deeds.” In June, 1819, the parties finally separated, and this bill was filed to enforce conjugal rights; and at the same time, Lord Westmeath filed his bill in the chancery court, to have these deeds delivered up to be cancelled. To the bill in the consistoral court, these deeds were pleaded in bar. That court decided that Lady W. should return to her husband; an appeal was taken, and in Hilaray term, 1827, the case was decided by Sir J. Nicoll. After the deeds of separation of 1818 were executed, no matrimonial cohabitation took place between the parties, but to conceal their separation from the world, Lord W. continued to occupy a room in the house.until June, 1819. The decision of the consistoral court was reversed, hut it was on account of the cruel treatment of the husband, and a separation was decreed, which decision was subsequently confirmad by the high court of delegates. The court here considered the deed of separation no bar to the action, but enforced its terms by way of settlement upon the wife, taking the deed which was agreed upon between the parties as a guide for the amount of the settlement which was proper to be made. The case of Lady Mortimer vs. Lord Mortimer, was also a bill for the restoration of conjugal rights. A deed of separation was entered into between the parties in 1811. In 1816, the bill was filed. Sir William Scott, in commenting on this deed of separation which was pleaded in bar in this case, says: “ This court considers deeds of separation as illegal contracts, and not pleadable, and entirely insignificant. They imply a renunciation of stipulated duties which the partios are not at liberty to desert; from the solemnities of a contract, from which the parties, by their own act, cannot relieve themselves.” In the case of Carson vs. Murray, él als. 3 Paige’s Chy. Rep. 483, decided in 1822, the Chancellor says: “An agreement for a separation cannot be supported unless the separation has already taken place, or is to take place immediately upon the execution of the deed.” He also decided, that such an agreement will be rescinded, if the parties afterwards cohabit or live together for ever so short a time. 1‘It may well be doubled, (says he,) whether public policy does not forbid any agreement for a separation between husband and wife; and whether it does not require that such an agreement should be limited to cases, where, by the previous misconduct of one of the parties, the other is entitled to have the marriage contract dissolved by a decree of court.” He refers to the case of St. John vs. St. John, 11 Vesoy, 526, where Lord Eldon held the same doctrine precisely; and also to the case of Westmeath vs. Westmeath, 1 Jacob’s Rep. 128; 4 English Chan. R. 55. In the case of Titley vs. Durand, 7 Price’s Excheq. Rep. 577; the court decided: “that a deed between husband and wife and a trustee, covenanting to pay the wife an annuity in case she should live separate and apart from him, is void, as being a deed made in conteraplaíionof a future separation, and is therefore contrary to the policy of marriage; and that a plea, to an action of covenant upon such a deed, that the parties afterwards lived' together, is a good plea; and that a deed could not be made providing fora future separation of husband and wife. In the case of Marshall vs. Hutton, 8 T. R. 545, Lord Kenyon says: “An agreement to live separate, is a contract supposed to bo made between two persons who in law are but one, and on that account are not able to contract with each other, which sweeps away the whole foundation of their legality, and consequently, the whole superstructure must fail. This objection meets the plaintiff in limini. Such a contract cannot be valid, which has for its object the contravention of the whole policy of the law relating to denies-tic life.” In the case of Warrallvs. Jacob, 3 Merivale, 268, the Master of the Rolls said: “ The court will not carry articles of separation-into execution; and that such deeds are void.” In the chancery suit of Westmeath vs. Westmeath, 1 Jacob, 126-41, before cited, the Lord Chancellor says: “ If the question-whether the court would or would not enforce articles of this sort were not pre-judged by any decision, I should say, I think no court ought to act on them.” The Chancellor, in Rogers vs. Rogers, before cited,says: “In. looking over the cases, which are extremely well collected in Roper, I perceive that it seems to have struck every one as extraordinary, that such deeds should ever have been supported. The law has imposed upon husband and wife duties of the most sacred-nature, that no court should allow them to disregard.” The same doctrine is held in many other cases, not deemed necessary now to refer to. The current of authorities, supported by-the soundest reason, is against the validity of such deeds, and sustains the case of the appellant in the cause under consideration. BmiNETT, for appellees: The distinction does not seem to have been drawn between deeds of separation and deeds to secure a separate maintenance; nor between contracts for a separation that has actually taken place, and contracts providing for o. future separation. Deeds of separation and for separate maintenance, were formerly sustained, almost without limitation or restriction, in the courts, both of law and equity, in England. One of the oldest ■cases in the book's, is that of Gmvden vs. Draper, 2 Vontr. 217, decided in 1690. That was an action of covenant on an indenture, whereby the defendant covenanted that his wife should live separately and apart from him until both should give notice in writing, attested by two witnesses, to cohabit again, and that during the separation he would pay the plaintiff £300 per annum, in quarterly payments, for his wife’s maintenance. The action was brought to recover £75 for one quarter of the annuity then in arrear. The defendant pleaded in bar a subsequent indenture between the defendant and wife of one part and the plaintiff of the other, which, reciting the first indenture, and that the defendant and his wife did then cohabit, and that' it was the true intent and meaning of ail parties that so long as they did cohabit the said annuity should cease; it was therefore covenanted by the plaintiff that so long as the defendant and wife should cohabit, the defendant should be saved harmless from the said annuity, and might retain it, and averred that ever since the last indenture they did cohabit. The plaintiff replied that they did not cohabit modo ei forme, &c.; to which the defendant demurred. The court decided that unless the cohabitation was according to the first indenture, it was no bar to the action, and gave judgment for the plaintiff. It was ruled by Lord Holt, O.J. in the case of Todd vs. Stolces, I Salk. 116, that where a husband and wife part by consent, and he secures to her a separate maintenance, and pays it according to agreement, he is not answerable for necessaries furnished her. The same doctrine was recognized in the more modern case of Nurse vs. Craig, 5 Bos. & Pull. 148. These decisions can only be sustained by acknowledging the validity of the contract for separate maintenance. The courts of common law went so far upon this subject, that the King’s Bench, in the celebrated case of Corbett vs. Poelnitz, 1 T. It. 5, decided, in the time of Lord Mansfield, that a feme covert, living apart from her husband by deed of separation, and having a large maintenance settled upon her, beyond the control of the husband, might contract, sue and be sued as a feme sole. This decision was in 1785, and was considered, so far as it established the powers of the wife to act as a feme sole, as a dangerous innovation of the ancient law; and its authurity was assailed from time to time, until, in the case of Marshall vs Hutton, 8 T. R. 545, the Court of King’s Bench decided, in 1800, tíiat a feme co„ vert could not contract, and sue and be sued, as a feme sole, though she bo living apart from her husband and have a separate maintenance secured to her by deed. That the only way in which a separation can bo safe and effectual is,by having recourse to trustees, in whom the property of which it is intended the wife shall have the disposition, may vest, uncontrolled by the husband, and it would fall within the province of a court of equity to enforce such a trust. It will be perceived that the point decided in tho latter case, which is one referred to by the .appellant, was not on the validity of any deed for a separation orseparate maintenance, but on the effect of such a deed; whether the wife, under it, could act, sue and be sued, as a feme sole. Afterwards, the case of Rodney vs. Chambers, 2 East. 283, was decided in the King’s Bench in 1802. That was an action of covenant by the trustees, upon a deed, which provided, among other things, that in case of a future separation of the husband and wife, with the consent of the trustees, the husband should pay to the trustees £200 per annum in trust for the wife for life. The declaration averred separation with the consent of the trustees, and that the annuity of £200 for one year was in arrear and unpaid, The point at issue submitted to the court, was, whether such a covenant was valid and effectual; it being contended there, as it is here, that it was contrary to the policy of the law, and subversive of good morals. But the court, after a full review of the authorities, gave judgment for the plaintiffs. In Lord Vane's case, 13 East. 171, the parties had separated, and afterwards agreed to cohabit together, upon which occasion, articles were entered into, by which he covenanted, that if she should afterwards desire to live apart from him, he would not molest her. After this, in consequence of ill treatment, they separated a second time, and upon articles of the peace being exhibited against him, the validity of the deed was not questioned by the court. In later cases, it has been decided, that in actions on deeds for separate maintenance, brought by trustees against the husband, it is no bar to the action to plead that the wife had committed adultery. 2 Barn. & C. 547; 8 Bing. 256; and also the case of Field vs. Serrars, M. T. 1804,1N. R. 121. Chancellor Kent, (2 Com. 135,) says, that the rule laid down in Todd vs. Stokes, and Nurse vs. Craig, (before referred to,) was adopted in all its parts by the Supreme Court of New York, in Baker vs. Barney, 8 John. Rep. 72. In Fenner vs. Lewis, 10 John. Rep. 38; where the husband and wife had agreed to articles of separation, and a third person became a party to the instrument, as the wife’s trustee; and provision.was made for her maintenance and the enjoyment of separate property, it was held, that the declarations and admissions of the wife in relation to the property, were admissable evidence in favor of the husband, in an action against the trustee upon his covenant in the deed. Now, it follows, that the declarations of the wife could not be evidence for the husband, unless the deed of separation was valid, at least so far as the property and maintenance were concerned. See also, the case of Shelthar vs. Gregory, 2 Wendell, 422. The early decisions in chancery went as far as those in the courts of law. In Nichols vs. Danvers, G71, the defendant, having ill-treated his wife, gave her a note that if he should again ill-use her she should have her share ofher mother’s estate to her own use; and upon the happening of subsequent ill-treatment by the husband, the wife and her brother tiled a bill against him for that purpose, and the Lord Keeper decreed the interest to her for life for her maintenance, and afterwards to the husband for life, and the principal to the issue, if any; and if none, to the survivor of the husband and wife; and he remarked, that the words in the note, “ in case he should again ill-use her,” must have meant, “ in case she should be obliged to live separately from him.” In some of the early cases, articles oí separation were specifically enforced; Gilb. Eq. Rep. 152, 3, and in the case of Guthvs. Guth, 3 Bro. 04, it was determined, after groat consideration, that articles of separation may bo specifically inforcod at the suit of the wife, although the husband offered, by his answer, to receive her again. The validity of a deed of separation, and for separate maintenance, was sustained in the case of Moore vs. Moore, 1 Atk. 277, and it may be inferred from the judgment of Lord Hard-wick, in that case, that he considered an agreement for a separation in prospective to be good. In Cook vs. Wiggins, 10 Vesey, 191, it was said that there was no doubt of the general jurisdiction of a court of equity to decree a specific performance of articles between husband and wife for separation and separate maintenance. Sec also, 11 Ves. 537.-19 Ves. 63. In Reade vs. Livingston, 3 John. C. R, 481, it was held, that a voluntary settlement, after marriage, upon the wife and children, was void as to creditors at the lime of the settlement; but if the husband be not indebted at the time, such settlement is valid against subsequent creditors; and Chancellor Kent says that this was the true doctrine of that case, deduced from the English authorities. We know that the old decisions have, in many points, been overruled by more modern cases* and that the court of chancery in England, and perhaps in some of the States, has of late years gone to the utmost stretch of power and authority to limit and restrict the operations of deeds of separation and for separate maintenance. But no authority, ancient or modern, can be brought to set aside the deed in this case, at the suit of the husband. There is not a case to be found where the principles of this bill have been decreed in chancery, and none of the cases cited by the appellant go that length. In Carson vs. Murray and others, 3 Paige’s Ch. Rep. 483, one of the cases relied upon, the Chancellor sustained the validity of the deed, and the portion of his decision that has been read militates nothing against the deed in this case. He only says, that an agreement for a separation cannot be supported, unless the separation has previously taken place, or is immediately to happen; and that if the parties afterwards cohabit or live together, the agreement will be rescinded. In the case of Warrall vs. Jacob, 3 Merivale, 256-68, one of the cases referred to by the appellant, Sir William Grant, Master of the Rolls, only decided, that chancery would not carry into execution articles of agreement between husband and wife; but he admitted that agreements between the husband and a third person as a trustee, though originating out of, and relating to a separation, were valid, and might be enforced in equity. And Lord Eldon, who always entertained and expressed the greatest repugnance to such deeds, said: that, if the question was res integra, untouched by dictum or decision, he would not have permitted such a covenant to be the foundation of a suit in equity. But dicta have followed dicta, and decision has followed decision, to the extent of settling the law on this point too firmly to be now disturbed in chancery. Tho decisions of the English ccclosiastical courts have no authority in this country, nor are they binding on the courts of law and equity in England. But if they were, what do the case of Westmeath vs, Westmeath, and Mortimer vs. Mortimer, from Haggard, amount to? Simply, that in their proceedings to restore marital rights, to force persons to live together, whatever may bo the repugnance of one of the parties, a deed of separation is no bar in such case. The deed in Lord Westmeath’s case provided for a future separation; and he filed his bill in chancery to have the deeds delivered up and cancelled, and to enjoin the opposite party from proceeding at law upon them: yet, although Lord Eldon argued against the law throughout his decision, he admitted that it was so firmly settled that he had no authority to rescind the contract or to enjoin the parties from proceeding at law upon it. Tho case of Titley vs. Durand, decided in the exchequer by Abbott and Dallas in 1819, only went thus far: that a contract for a future separation of husband and wife is void. It did not touch the principles of this case. The court will look at the principles that have been decided in the cases, and not take the arguments of the Judges and Chancellors, as authority in deciding this case. Some of those arguments, if admitted as authority, are sufficient to overturn the whole system of the law upon this subject as it has stood for more than two hundred years. The principles to be deduced from all the authorities; principles which, perhaps, no court of law or equity would doubt any where as law at this day, are these: First: That a contract between a husband and wife, without the intervention of a trustee, is void. Second: That a contract with a trustee, providing for a future separation, is also void. Third: That a contract with a trustee, covenanting for the separate maintenance of the wife, where the separation has previously taken place, is valid both at law and in equity, and may be enforced even though the husband is willing that the wife should return to him again. And fourth: That subsequent cohabitation will rescind a valid deed made to a trustee. Now, to apply these principles to the case under consideration. The bill and the deed show, that it is not a contract for separation, but a contract to secure a separate maintenance; that the separation had existod for years when the deed was executed; that the contract was made with a trustee mutually chosen, and the covenants are made to him. No cohabitation has taken place since the execution of the deeds. The separation is not a part of the contract, and is only referred to by way of recitation, and there is no covenant in relation to it; and although it is the reason that led to the contract, it is not stated as the consideration. The consideration expressed is the husband’s liability, to provide for the support of his wife. The bill charges that the deeds were without any sufficient consideration, but this is not supported by the facts set up. Beside his legal liability to support his wife in a suitable manner, an action at law was compromised by the deed, and the cause of action released. The compromise of a suit is a good consideration, for a promise, although there may have been no just cause of action. The strictest tests may be applied, the strongest authorities may be brought in review and these deeds will be found not to be in contravention of any decision that has been given. [MAJORITY — Judge IitviN:] Opinion of the Court, by Judge IitviN: This is an appeal from Crawford county. Joseph Ilolette, (the complainant,) filed his bill in the District Court of Crawford county, at its May term for 1841, from which it appears, that the said Joseph Rolette, and Jane Rolette, his wife, and Bernard W. Brisbois, as trustee, (the parties herein named,) entered into an agreement for the separate maintenance of the said Jane, by which an annuity was settled upon her during her life, the payment of which was secured her by bond and mortgage. The object of the bill in this case is, to set aside and cancel that deed for separate maintenance, as well as the bond and mortgage, for the reason that the said deed, bond and mortgage were made without any legal or adequate consideration; “and with a view to accomplish an illegal object, which the said parties had no right to assume upon themselves to accomplish, and the same is contrary to the laws of the land, and the salutary customs and usages of society, and ought to be sot aside.” To this bill, a general demurrer was filed, which, upon argument, was sustained by the District Court, and from which decision an appeal was taken to this Court. When this deed, which its made a part of the bill, is examined, it is found to be strictly such as is sanctioned and sustained by the authorities. Eastman, for appellant. Buenbtt, for appellees, In support of the bill, the counsel relied on the case of Rogers vs. Rogers, 4 Paige’s N. Y. Chancery Rep. 516, and the authorities therein cited; Westmeath vs. Westmeath, A English Eccl. Rep. 238; Mortimer vs. Mortimer, same, 543; Carson vs. Murray, 3 Paige, 482; 11 Vesey, 536; 8 Term Rep. 2 Story’s Equity, 652, 3, 4; 1 Chitty’s Practice, 58, &c. In resistance of this bill, and in support of the demurrer, the counsel for the defendants relied on 4 Petersdorff’s Abridgment, 85; Cook vs. Wiggins, 10 Vesey, 191; Rodney vs. Chambers, 2 East. 105; Gawden vs. Draper, 2 Ventr. 217; Moore vs. Moore, 1 Atkins, 272; Lord Vane's case, 13 East. 171; Fenner vs. Lewis, 10 John. Rep. 38; Baker vs. Barney, 8 John. Rep. 483; Carson vs. Murray and others, 3 Paige’s Chancery Rep. 483; 2 Kent’s Com, 161; and Shelthar vs. Gregory, 2 Wendell, 422. The deed herein set forth is not a deed for the separation of the plaintiff and his wife, and which, as such, would have been thereupon obnoxious to many of the authorities cited by the counsel for the complainant, but is a deed for the separate maintenance of the wife, made and entered into many years after the separation had taken place. Such deeds being allowable, and when entered into sustained by the courts, we can see no objection, from any thing which arises out of the nature of this contract, to the decision of the District Court. If there be anything in this particular case to be objected to in support of the bill, it must arise out of the deed itself, but which, as we have already said, upon examination, we find to be strictly such as is sanctioned and sustained by the authorities. We therefore think the decision of the District Court'right, and affirm the same with costs.