Potter against Payne

Potter against Payne. Where the plaintiff claimed title to the goods in question under a mortgage bill of sale from C, to secure the payment of C’s notes, payable in three months; and the plaintiff immediately exposed the goods for sale, and was in the act of selling them, from time to time, as he could find purchasers, the mortgagor being insolvent; when the defendant, a deputy-sheriff, attached them, in suits against the original owners, claiming that the conveyances to the plaintiff were fraudulent, as against creditors; the defendant, in an action of trespass against him for thus taking the goods, prayed the court to charge the jury, that the plaintiff had no right to sell the goods until after his notes fell due; which the court omitted to do; it was held, that the defendant, being a stranger to the mortgage transaction, had no right to interfere between the plaintiff and his mortgagor; and as evidence of fraud, the defendant had the benefit of the fact before the jury; consequently, the omission of the court was no ground for a new trial. New-London, July, 1851. Though the court, on mere questions of fact, reluctantly interferes with the verdict of a jury, and will do so, only in a very clear and strong case; yet where the question is one of fraud in the sale of goods, evinced, by the want of that change of possession which the law requires, to render the sale valid as against creditors, or by a change of possession merely colourable, there is such a blending of the facts with the law on the subject, the whole being submitted to the jury together, as frequently to render it necessary for the court, to avoid injustice, to be more liberal in the granting of new trials. Thus, where the plaintiff claimed title to goods, by virtue of two assignments, first, from A & B to C, and then, from C to the plaintiff; and, in trespass for subsequently attaching the goods, as the property of A & B, by their creditors, the defence was, that the assignments were fraudulent as against creditors; and the jury gave a verdict for the plaintiff; on a motion for a new trial for a verdict against evidence, the evidence, in the opinion of the court, shewed, that there was no substantial change of possession; and therefore, a new trial was granted. This was an action of trespass de bonis asportatis; tried at Nonvich, March term, 1851. On the trial, it was proved, that the goods in question had belonged to Redfield & Potter; and the plaintiff claimed, that Redfield & Potter, by a bill of sale, dated October 14th, 1848, for a valuable and bona fide consideration, sold and assigned them to Charles & Redfield; and that Charles Redfield, being indebted to the plaintiff in the sum of 4,739 dollars, by two promissory notes, one for 4,514 dollars, and the other for 225 dollars, payable to Redfield & Potter, or order, three months from the date, and by them indorsed to the plaintiff, by a mortgage bill of sale, dated and executed on the 4th day of January, 1849, conveyed them to the plaintiff; the condition of the mortgage being, that Charles Redfield should pay said notes according to their tenor. And the plaintiff claimed, that by virtue of such mortgage bill of sale, he took and retained immediate possession of said goods. It was further proved, that the defendant, as a deputy-sheriff, by virtue of several writs of attachment, in favour of the creditors of Redfield & Potter, legally served, attached the goods in controversy as their property; which goods were afterwards sold, in due course of law, on executions in favour of such attaching creditors. The defendant thus justified the taking and carrying away of said goods, as alleged in the plaintiff’s declaration. To avoid the prior claims of the plaintiff, the defendant also introduced evidence to prove, and claimed that he had proved, that the bills of sale from Redfield & Potter to Charles Redfield, and from Charles Redfield to the plaintiff, were fraudulent and void, as against the creditors of Redfield & Potter; and especially, that the plaintiff had not taken any possession of said goods, under the bill of sale to him, but that Redfield & Potter had been permitted, without any legal reason therefor, to retain possession of said goods and to controul them, in the same manner as before the bill of sale was given. The defendant also claimed, that it was proved, on the trial, that if the plaintiff had taken any possession of said goods, and exercised any controul over them, he had made sale of some part of those described in his mortgage bill of sale before any part of the notes described therein had fallen due. In relation to the consideration of the bill of sale from Redfield & Potter to Charles Redfield, and the possession of the goods, the testimony in the cause was substantially as follows: 1. The deposition of William W. Baker. I commenced living with the late firm of Redfield & Potter, in New-London, April 3d, 1848. In September of that year, Mr. T. C. Potter, one of the firm, was so sick as to be unable to be at the store, and continued growing worse, so that he was in the store but very little from that time. About December of that year, on one Monday morning, when I came down to the store, I found Mr. Charles Redfield there, who came to the store, on that morning, earlier than usual, and he said to me, “William, would you like to continue in the store? I have bought out the goods of Redfield & Potter." I told him, I should like to remain. After breakfast, Mr. David Redfield came in, and says, “Well Charles, William is going to continue on with you.” Charles said, “Yes.” The stock then was very thin indeed—almost all run out—remnants. Mr. David Redfield would be in and out, mornings, later than formerly, settling up his accounts, and attending to his work that he was making for Mr. Loomis. I continued in the store and would occasionally collect bills for Mr. David Redfield, and get out trimmings for the goods he was making up for Mr. Loomis. When Charles Redfield bought out, the sign was painted over, and Charles Redfield's name put up. Some time in January, that sign was taken down. I did not inquire why the sign was taken down, as I was then owing them for goods taken up more than my wages would come to. Mr. Thomas Potter was occasionally in and out of the store. I knew nothing about the transfer to Mr. Potter. I have heard so since. About the last of January, or the first of February, I was away from the store in the forenoon, carrying some work to be made, and came back about one o’clock, when I found the doors of the store shut, and curtains up to the windows. I rapped at one of the doors, and Mr. Nehemiah B. Payne lifted up the curtain, and seeing who I was, let me in; and Mr. David Redfield said to me, “Mr. Payne has attached these goods.” Charles Redfield had been away, at that time, from the time the sign was taken down. I think Mr. Payne was waiting for Mr. Bristol. About two o’clock, Mr. Bristol came in, and after talking with Mr. Payne, a short time, they commenced taking down goods, and measuring them. About three o’clock, Mr. Goddard came in, and he went to measuring goods, the same as the rest. Mr. David Redfield would measure them, after they had done so, and take account, marking the cost upon a piece of paper. Question by A. C. Lippett, Esq., counsel for plaintiff. After Charles Redfield told you he had bought out Redfield & Potter, who had charge of the store? Ans. Charles Redfield. David Redfield was in and out, settling his bills, and attending to his own accounts. Question by the same. Had David Redfield a desk in the shop, where he settled his accounts? Ans. He had in the rear part. Question by the same. From the time of the sale of Redfield & Potter to Charles Redfield, was Thomas C. Potter ever in the store to do business? Ans. He was not. Question by the same. Have you any knowledge of any inventory being taken by Redfield & Potter, prior to the sale to Charles Redfield? Ans. Evenings, after the goods were put away, and there was no one in, they would be taking an account in a book of theirs, taking down pieces and measuring them. I asked one of them, Charles, I think, what they were doing? He said, they were taking an inventory. Question by the same. Had you any knowledge, at that time, that the firm of Redfield & Potter were about to break up their business? Ans. I would often hear Mr. Redfield say, when he was talking with others, that he was tired of the dry goods business, and was thinking about going out West. Question by the same. After the sign of Charles Redfield was taken down, about how often was Mr. Thomas Potter in and out of the store? How many times a day? Ans. I don’t know that he was in there, every day: he would often be in, and talk to Mr. David Redfield; and I overheard him once, speaking about Charles's intemperance. Question by the same. Did Mr. Charles Redfield, while he had charge of the store, purchase any new goods, to your knowledge? Ans. No, sir. Question by the same. Had the season arrived for the purchase of spring goods, prior to taking down the sign? Ans. No, sir; I should think not. I didn’t know exactly the time when spring goods were purchased. Question by the same. After the sale from Redfield & Potter to Charles, did David take any charge of the store? Ans. No; not up to the time when the sign of Charles Redfield was taken down. He was merely in and out, settling up his accounts, preparing to go West. Question by the same. Who paid you for your services, after Charles took charge of the store? Ans. No one; I was owing them, at the time when I left, February or thereabouts. My whole services did not square the account. Question by Lewis Bristol, Esq., counsel for defendant. Have Redfield & Potter ever called upon you for that balance? Ans. No, sir. I was not situated so that I could pay, at the time. David Redfield went away; and nothing has been said about it since. Question by the same. Did Redfield & Potter ever call upon you, before they went away? Ans. Mr. David Redfield spoke to me about it, a day or two before he went away, I think. I told him the circumstances, and he said “Well.” Mr. Thomas C. Potter was, I believe, away. Question by the same. Did you not expect that your services to Charles would go against your indebtedness to Redfield & Potter? Ans. I supposed that they would. Question by the same. Was there any thing said by David, in that conversation that you had with him, in regard to this matter, to the contrary of that? Ans. No, sir. Question by the same. Did you reckon up how much you were indebted? Ans. Yes; I did a few days before Mr. Redfield left. I reckoned it from the time I commenced to the time I left. Question by the same. Did you and David have any conversation in regard to the amount due them? Ans. I told him, you are going away, and I have been reckoning up, to see how much my wages come to; and I told him how much I was indebted to the firm, and that it was not convenient for me, at that time, to settle it. All he said was, “Well.” Question by the same. Did David appear to know, that you had reckoned in the time you had been with Charles? Ans. Yes, he did. Question by the same. How long was it from the time Charles's sign was put up until it was taken down again? Ans. I should think about a month. About a week after the sign was put up, Charles gave me notice of the fact. Question by the same. What did David do, in that store, during the time Charles pretended to have the management of it? Ans. He was in and out, settling his accounts, and attending to the work he was getting cut up and made for Mr. Loomis. Question by the same. Was he not in the store by far the greater part of the time? Ans. Not more than half of the time, if he was that. He came very late in the forenoon, and stayed till two or three in the afternoon; and was in and out during that time. Question by the same. Did David attend to any of the customers, daring that time? Ans. He occasionally did, when we were busy and had other customers. He took no interest in it, but merely showed the goods. I don’t recollect that he ever took any pay for it. He would often call me, if I was out in the back part of the store, and Charles was not in. Question by the same. After Charles’s sign was taken down, I understood you to say, that David had the entire management. Ans. Yes. Question by the same. During the time Charles pretended to have the management of the store, was he attentive to his business? Ans. Not so attentive as became the boss of the store. He was out oftener than he used to be, when he was a clerk; it was about the time when he was in a bad way. Question by the same. What kind of a “bad way” was he in? Ans. I would often hear of his being out, late at night; and once or twice, I heard that he slept out all night. He often appeared sleepy, in the store; and did not seem to take much interest in selling. He would sometimes be short with customers—would merely show them, and did not seem to try to make them take the goods, so much as he ought to. Question by the same. Did he not frequently exhibit the effects of liquor? Ans. Yes, sir. His breath often smelt as if he had been drinking liquor. I never saw him tipsy in the store; so that he could not get around, I mean by tipsy. Question by the same. Did he show the effects of drinking liquor before he took charge of the store? Ans. Not of any account. I thought he was getting in rather a bad way, just about the time he took charge; and he kept growing worse from that time. Question by the same. Was it not known to you, that Charles had frequently been intoxicated, before he took charge of the store? Ans. I never saw him intoxicated before. Question. Had you not frequently seen him when you believed him to be under the influence of liquor, although not quite intoxicated? Ans. No, sir; not before he bought out. Question. Did not his breath smell before that time? Ans. I think that I had smelt his breath, as though he had been drinking a little; but I never saw any other effects of it. He always appeared to be as smart as ever. Question. Had not David been accustomed to sit at the desk, in the rear of the store, before Charles took charge? Ans. Yes, sir. He kept the books, and did the writing for the firm. Question. What goods were those that David took out with him to Indiana? Ans. All that I know of, were Mr. Loomis’s. Question. How did you know they were Mr. Loomis’s goods? Ans. He said so; and Mr. Loomis, while Mr. Beckwith was there cutting, would often be in, looking at them, and talking about them. Question. How do you know that those were the goods he took out with him to Indiana? Ans. I don’t know, only what he told me he was a going to take. Question. What goods were those sold at auction, by Mr. Thomas Potter, after the attachment? Ans. I know nothing about what were so sold. I was in New-York, at that time. Question by A. C. Lippett, Esq., for the plaintiff. When was Charles’s sign taken down? Ans. I could not tell the time. I should think some time in the latter part of December. Question by the same. What was the Loomis’s work that you have spoken of? Ans. It was the goods, clothing, pantaloons and coats, made up by Mr. Redfield, for Mr. Loomis, out of his satinets. Question by the same. Do you know when the firm of Redfield & Potter was dissolved? Ans. No, sir. Question by the same. How long had Charles Redfield been clerk to Redfield & Potter, prior to his purchase? Ans. I don’t know. He was there when I went there, and continued in the store till his sign was taken down. Question. During the continuance of the firm of Redfield & Potter, did David attend the sales, or did he merely keep the books? Ans. He attended to both. He was a very fast writer, and was at the books but a little while at a time. He wrote the books generally evenings. Question by Lewis Bristol, Esq., for the defendant. How old were you at the time Charles had charge of the books? Ans. Not quite fifteen. Question by the same. Did you not tell me, a short time ago, that Charles had charge of that store until the time of the attachment. Ans. No, sir. Question by the same. Did not you say, that you could perceive no difference between the actions of Charles and David, between the time Charles took charge of the store, and the time of the attachment? Ans. No, sir. I told you I could see a difference. Question by the same. Did you say to me, that David took any more charge of the store after the assignment to Mr. Potter than he did while Charles had it? Ans. I told you, I thought he did. I told you, our stock was low at that time; Charles was away, and David was in then. Question by the same. What was the situation of the stock of goods? Ans. It was very much reduced. Any one could see that there had been no goods bought very lately; there were no desirable goods there. Question. Did customers fall off very much, in consequence of this? Ans. Yes, sir. Question by A. C. Lippett, Esq. In whose name were the books kept and the bills made, after Charles bought out Redfield & Potter? Ans. Charles Redfield’s. 2. The testimony of Thomas Potter, the plaintiff, who testified as follows. Thomas, C. Potter, one of the firm of Potter & Redfield, was my son, and is now deceased; and David Redfield, the other member of that firm, is my son-in-law. I lent them money from time to time, and the balance was about 4,000 dollars in my favour. I had also indorsed their notes for about 450 dollars. Thomas C. Potter was sick, and unable to attend to business; and I advised them to close their business. They soon did so. They sold to Charles Redfield, who had been their clerk, and he assumed the payment of the debts due to me, and gave me his notes, indorsed by Potter & Redfield. He was then a steady and competent man. I soon afterwards discovered, he was getting into intemperate habits, and I then insisted upon additional security for my debts; and he gave me the bill of sale under which I claim; and, at the same time, he delivered to me the key of the store. I was not at all acquainted with the dry goods business, and I agreed with David Redfield to assist me, as a clerk; and he did, until the defendant attached the most saleable goods. The residue of the goods, not attached, I have been selling, and the avails I have applied on my notes secured by the bill of sale. When Redfield & Potter sold to Charles Redfield, their sign was taken down from the store, and his put up in its place; and when Charles Redfield sold to me, his sign was taken down. I have paid the rent of the store to the landlord. On cross-examination, he testified thus: I knew that Redfield & Potter were about selling out to Charles Redfield, and I did not know that he was a man of any estate. David Redfield, after the sale by Potter & Redfield, stayed generally at the store, engaged in settling his old business; and perhaps he occasionally assisted William W. Baker, the clerk, in waiting on customers. William W. Baker had been a clerk for Potter & Redfield. My son, the said Thomas C. Potter, left the store entirely, and died not long after. Charles Redfield had nothing to do with the store, or the business, after his mortgage to me. I did not know the form or way in which the business was done, by which the goods were mortgaged to me, at the time. Baker remained in the store, as clerk, after the mortgage. 3. Allen D. Smith testified thus. I do business next door to Redfield & Potter’s store. I knew they had sold out to Charles Redfield; and soon after, their sign was taken down, and Charles Redfield’s put up. Before this, Charles Redfield appeared to be straight and correct, and capable of doing business. 4. Charles A. Latimer’s testimony. I left about the middle of September, 1848. Charles Redfield's sign was put up, and he did business there, and borrowed money of me. I do not know that Charles Redfield had any other property. On the part of the defence. 1. A. W. Tucker testified, that he knew Charles Redfield while he was clerk of Redfield & Potter. He was then occasionally intoxicated. 2. William Bargett testified, that Charles Redfield was intemperate before he purchased of Redfield & Potter. 3. Ralph Sizer testified, that before Charles Redfield purchased the goods of Redfield & Potter, he had seen him much intoxicated. 4. N. B. Payne, the defendant, testified, that he served three attachments against Redfield & Potter. I found David Redfield in the store; he was then alone. He said the goods did not belong to him. He sent out, and Thomas Potter, the plaintiff, came in. We took the goods, and boxed them up. I acted under the direction of the creditor’s attorney. Redfield & Potter were always in possession, as I supposed. I saw the sign was changed, but the same men were there as before. 5. John A. C. Gray, the attaching creditor, testified, that Redfield & Potter were indebted to them in about 1,100 dollars, and wanted an extension. Redfield told me, he had made a sale, temporarily, to his brother Charles, so as to get further time, and expected his father-in-law, the plaintiff, to aid in this. That Charles was not worth any thing. He said he should have the controul of the business as before. So I gave time, by taking Potter & Redfield’s note, indorsed by Charles. Afterwards, I called on the plaintiff, and asked him if Charles had sold out to him. He said, no; he had not bought out Charles—Charles did not owe him, but Redfield & Potter did. He said David Redfield was in the habit of doing just as he had a mind to, and referred me to him. David Redfield had charge at the store, on 20th of October, 1848; my note matured on the 18th. 6. Mr. Avery testified, that he was clerk of Gray & Co., in New-York; and David Redfield, in New-York, told Gray, that he should be paid, if he could get an extension. Thomas Potter, the plaintiff, was called again, and testified, that Mr. Payne was mistaken as to David’s being present, when the goods were sold. Gray called on me, as he says, and I told him I had a bill of sale of the goods, and had a claim on them; and the testimony of Gray as to my conversation with him, is false. I told him I bought the goods of Charles Redfield; and I never told him, that I knew nothing about the sale, and that David and the boys managed as they pleased. The defendant, on the argument of the cause, claimed, that the plaintiff had no legal right to make sale of any of the goods mortgaged to him, by the bill of sale, until after the debts due to him from Charles Redfield became due; and claimed, that the court should so charge the jury; but for what purpose this claim was made, was not stated. The court did not so charge the jury. The jury returned a verdict in favour of the plaintiff, for the value of the goods taken by the defendant, and the interest thereon. The defendant thereupon moved for a new trial, because the court declined to charge the jury as claimed by the defendant; and because the verdict was against the evidence in the cause. L. Bristol and G. W. Goddard, in support of the motion, contended, 1. That the verdict, in this case, was contrary to the evidence, as it did not show a real and substantial change of possession. Osborn v. Tuller, 14 Conn. R. 529. Carter v. Watkins, 14 Conn. R. 240. Crouch v. Carrier, 16 Conn. R. 505. Kirtland v. Snow, 20 Conn. R. 23. First, the sale to Charles Redfield, by Redfield & Potter, was fraudulent and void as to creditors. It was made by men in failing circumstances, to a man worth nothing, his notes being taken in payment, and those notes so indorsed, that the goods and effects of Redfield & Potter (pretended to be sold to him,) in his hands, could not be attached for their debts; and Charles Redfield could not be copied, Redfield & Potter having got an extension from their creditors, and having given their notes, with Charles Redfield's indorsement, to their creditors; and before the last-mentioned notes became due, the bill of sale was made to Thomas Potter. David Redfield, one of the firm of Redfield & Potter, the only man capable of acting, (Thomas C. Potter, the other member of the firm of Redfield & Potter, the son of Thomas Potter, having some time previously left the firm entirely, on account of sickness,) remained in the store, after the pretended sale to Charles Redfield, and assisted him in selling goods. There should be an actual visible change, so that creditors and others may be able to see it. If they find the goods in the possession of their debtor, that is enough, unless the claimant of the goods can give a reasonable excuse for want of change of possession. As much change of possession as is claimed in this case, might be given in any case, where a person wanted to make a fraudulent transfer of his goods. He could pull down the sign, make out a bill of sale to a worthless brother, and place himself in one corner of the store, where he could overlook every thing that was done, and bid defiance to his creditors; and this is all that was done in this case. There is no valid excuse given for David Redfield's remaining in the store. The settlement of his accounts might have been done up as well at some other spot. In the case of Osborn v. Tuller, the debtor went entirely out of possession for some time, but afterwards began to assist in using the property; and this was held fraudulent. Here, Redfield & Potter paid the clerk for the time he was said to be under Charles Redfield. Secondly, the sale from Charles Redfield to Thomas Potter, was fraudulent and void, as against creditors, for want of change of possession. The only change of possession was the delivery of the key of the store to Thomas Potter. William W. Baker, the clerk of Redfield & Potter, then in the store all the time, knew nothing of the sale to Thomas Potter; and none of the witnesses knew any thing of it, except Thomas Potter himself. This is not such notoriety as the law requires. 2. That the judge on the trial, erred, in not charging the jury, that the plaintiff had no legal right to make sale of the goods mortgaged to him, until the debts due to him from Charles Redfield became due; for the reason that the jury might infer from such conduct, that the bill of sale to Charles Redfield from Redfield & Potter, was a mere sham—a sort of cover to prevent the goods from being attached as the property of Redfield & Potter; Charles Redfield being a mere conduit of the goods from Redfield & Potter to Thomas Potter. Foster and Lippitt, contra, contended, 1. That a new trial will not be granted, unless the verdict be manifestly and palpably against the evidence in the cause. Bacon v. Parker, 12 Conn. R. 212. Palmer v. Hyde, 4 Conn. R. 426. Bulkley v. Waterman, 13 Conn. R. 328. 333. Talcott v. Wilcox, 9 Conn. R. 134. Lafflin & al. v. Pomeroy, 11 Conn. R. 440. 2. That the proof in this case clearly sustains the claims of the plaintiff. First, the assignment from Charles Redfield to the plaintiff was bona fide—the consideration ample. If this fact was denied on the trial, it was found by the verdict. Secondly, the conveyance from Redfield & Potter to Charles Redfield, was also found by the jury to have been bona fide. Possession was taken at the time of sale, October 14th, 1848, and was retained by him till January 4th, 1849, when sale was made to T. Potter, the plaintiff. The old sign was taken down, and a new one put up. The attaching creditors took the notes of Redfield & Potter, endorsed by Charles Redfield. The firm of Redfield & Potter was dissolved. Thomas C. Potter was never again in the shop. David took no part in the trade of the store. He was wholly engaged in settling up his accounts, and attending to the business of Mr. Loomis. The jury necessarily found the transaction bona fide, and that possession accompanied the sale, as they might do, with such evidence. Thirdly, possession was delivered by Charles Redfield, and taken by the plaintiff, with a bill of sale; the key of the shop given to the plaintiff. He took down the sign of Charles Redfield, and assumed upon himself and paid the rent of the store. He held controul of the store, and was in there much of the time. On the other hand, Charles Redfield was never in there, after the transfer to the plaintiff. David Redfield was employed by the plaintiff as a clerk, but never had controul of the property. If the transfer of Redfield & Potter to Charles Redfield was bona fide, (and the jury have said that it was,) might not the plaintiff employ David Redfield as a clerk to assist him, the plaintiff having controul of the property? Charles Redfield was the grantor of the plaintiff, and he was never in the store after the transfer. This is not like the case of Crouch v. Carrier, 16 Conn. R. 505. nor Kirtland v. Snow, 20 Conn. R. 23. 3. That in a case where the court might come to a different conclusion, on a statement of the evidence, a new trial will not be granted, if the proof in the case will justify the jury in their verdict. Bishop v. Perkins, 19 Conn. R. 300. Clark v. Whitaker, Id. 319. Johnson v. Scribner, 6 Conn. R. 185. Babcock v. Porter, 20 Conn. R. 570. Hammond v. Wadhams, 5 Mass. R. 353. Coffin v. Phœnix Ins. Co. 15 Pick. 291. 4. That a new trial will not be granted, though the judge omit to charge as requested, if the point be immaterial. Hoyt v. Denison, 5 Day, 479. Toby v. Reed, 9 Conn. R. 216. Selleck v. Sugar Hollow Turnpike Co., 13 Conn. R. 453. Dulles & al. v. De Forest & al. 19 Conn. R. 190. Fitch v. Chapman, 10 Conn. R. 9. Holly v. Brown, 14 Conn. R. 256. Here, the object of the claim was not stated; nor was the point material. 5. That the charge of the judge gave the defendant the full benefit of the law in the case; and the verdict is in accordance with justice. If a new trial were to be had, there is no reason to suppose the verdict would, or ought to be, different. Hence, the discretion of the court should be exercised against the motion. [MAJORITY — Hinman, J.] Hinman, J. The plaintiff’s title to the goods in question, was a mortgage bill of sale, to secure the payment of certain notes. Immediately after he took his mortgage, he exposed the goods for sale, and was in the act of selling them, from time to time, as he was able to find purchasers, when the defendant attached them. The defendant claimed, and requested the court to charge the jury, that the plaintiff had no right to sell the goods, until after his notes fell due. If there was no other infirmity in the plaintiff’s title than this, we think he would be entitled to retain his verdict. The defendant did not attach the goods subject to the mortgage, but in opposition to it. Indeed, they are of much less value than the amount of the notes; and the mortgagor, being insolvent, there was nothing but a naked equity, of no possible value, to attach, if the mortgage was valid. The defendant then was a stranger to the mortgage transaction, and could have no right to interfere between the plaintiff and his mortgagor. It was the mortgagor’s business to protect his own interests; and if he did not complain, it seems clear, that no third person could do so. The conduct of the plaintiff, in reference to the property, was a proper subject for the consideration of the jury, on the question of fraud; and for this purpose, it was, without doubt, made use of; and this seems to us, the only legitimate use that could be made of it. We are satisfied, therefore, that, in the view now taken of it, by the defendant, it was an immaterial fact; and the court was correct, in not charging the jury upon it, as requested. We do not, therefore, advise a new trial, on this ground. The remaining question is, whether the verdict is against the evidence in the cause; and, on this ground, we think, a new trial must be granted. There is much evidence going to show, that both the transfers of the property were fraudulent in fact,—at least, on the part of the vendors. The testimony of the creditor, Gray, and of his clerk, goes very strongly to show this; and the circumstances stated by Baker, tend the same way; and then, the sales were family transactions, sweeping off all the vendor’s property at once, and were supported, for the most part, by family witnesses; and the first one was on credit, to a young man destitute of means, a clerk in the store, and whose habits were such, as to render him unworthy of credit, irrespective of his want of property. All this and more, from the testimony of Baker, makes, we think, a strong case of fraud in fact. But we do not place the case on this ground; and, therefore, it is not necessary to dwell upon it. On mere questions of fact, this court reluctantly interferes with the verdict of a jury; and it should be a very clear and strong case, that should induce us to do so. But where, on a sale of goods, there is a want of that change in the possession of them, which the law requires, to render the sale valid, as against creditors; or, where the evidence is such as to show that such change as has taken place, is colourable merely, it stands on very different ground. In questions of this sort, there is such a blending of the facts with the law on the subject, as makes it necessary to submit the whole to a jury; and there is often great reason to apprehend, that it is considered by them to be their province to determine the law, as well as the facts in the case, and that it is submitted to them for that purpose. Where this is so, it is necessary to be more liberal in granting new trials, or injustice will often be done. It has, therefore, been our practice, not only to grant new trials, where there is no evidence of any change in the possession, accompanying and following a sale, but also in those cases, where the evidence is such as to satisfy the court, that such change as has taken place was colourable, and not a real or substantial change. Crouch v. Carrier, 16 Conn. R. 505, Bishop v. Warner, 19 Conn. R. 460. Kirtland v. Snow & al. 20 Conn. R. 23. What, then, does the evidence prove, in regard to the possession of these goods, following the sale to Charles Redfield, and the mortgage from him to the plaintiff? The testimony, on this point, comes chiefly from the plaintiff himself, and from the clerk, Baker: indeed, all of it, except the single fact stated by Mr. Latimer, in regard to the sign on the store being changed, on the purchase of the goods by Charles Redfield. In substance, the evidence seems to prove, that previous and up to December, 1848, Potter & Redfield were engaged in trade, at a store in New-London, with Charles Redfield and William W. Baker, assisting them as clerks. The partner, Potter, being in feeble health, had, for some time, neglected to attend at the store; so that the only persons having charge there were David Redfield and the clerks. David was the book-keeper, and, for the most part, was engaged at his desk, in the rear of the store. The firm was indebted to the plaintiff, in about the sum of 4,000 dollars. The plaintiff testifies, that in consequence of the sickness of his son, he advised them to close up their business; and they did so, by selling to Charles Redfield, their clerk, who gave his notes for the plaintiff’s claim, indorsed by the firm. He knew nothing of any change in the possession of the goods, or of the store, except that the old sign was taken down, and one with the name of Charles Redfield substituted for it. He states, that he soon discovered that Charles was getting into intemperate habits, and he then insisted on additional security; and, thereupon, Charles gave the mortgage bill of sale, under which he now claims title; and immediately, on taking his mortgage, he employed one of the original partners, David Redfield, to sell the goods, as his clerk. Now, it will be observed, that the only visible act, evincing a change of ownership in the goods, except, merely, the delivery over of the bills of sale, and the formal delivery of the key of the store to the plaintiff, was the changing of the sign on the store. Baker does, indeed, state, that he observed them taking down and measuring goods, after the first sale; and he was informed, that this was for the purpose of taking an inventory. But, it was done in the evenings, after the store was closed, and, of course, could not be known, except to the parties. And Baker, himself, seems hardly to know whether an inventory was in fact taken. He says, that he was informed of the sale to Charles; and yet, his account with the old firm kept on, while Charles was claiming to own the goods, as before, and he did not even know of the mortgage to the plaintiff; and during all the time, up to the attachment, David Redfield was at the same desk, in the rear of the store, attending to the settlement of his accounts, occasionally waiting upon customers, and, some of the time, at work preparing goods to send West to his agent, Loomis. Looking, then, as any stranger to these contracts, or creditor of the firm, must be supposed to look at their business, he finds Redfield & Potter apparently engaged, with their clerks, in the same store, and in the same manner of doing their business; and up to the very day of the attachment, there was no change in the tenancy of the store. Redfield & Potter continued to hold it, as they had done before; and Redfield, being actually there, in possession, he must be presumed to be there, under his lease, and not by the mere sufferance of his brother Charles. It is true, the plaintiff states, that he paid the rent after he took his mortgage; but he does not claim, that he came under any obligation to do so, either by agreement, or otherwise. Every thing that was done, then, was to change the sign, when Charles Redfield purchased. We cannot think this was enough. The parties could easily have changed the ownership of the store, for the time being; and we do not see, how we can say, there was any real, substantial change in the possession of the goods, while the store which contained them, was in the possession of the original owners. We think, too, that Redfield's continuing at the store, and occasionally waiting upon customers, is very strong evidence, that the sale was merely colourable. Upon the whole, then, we advise a new trial. In this opinion the other Judges concurred. New trial granted.