Supervisors v. Rogers

Supervisors v. Rogers. 1. The act of February 28th, 1839 (g 8, 5 Stat. at Large, 322), providing for the transfer, under certain circumstances named in it, of a suit from one • ■ Circuit Court to the most convenient Circuit Court in the next adjacent State, is not repealed by the act of March ^d, 1863 (12 Stat. at Large, ■ 768), providing that under certain circumstances named in it, the circuit judge of one circuit may request the judge of any other cirduit to hold the court of the former judgo during a specified time. 2. A court of the United States has power to adopt in a particular case a rule of practice under a State statute; and where a Circuit Court is possessed of a case from another circuit, under the above-mentioned act of 1839, it may.adopt the practice of the State in which the Circuit Court from whieti the case is transferred sits, as fully as could the Circuit Court which had possession of the case originall}’-. Error to the Circuit Court for Northern Illinois. The case, which involved two points, being this: ■ 1. An act of Congress of the 28th of February, 1839, provides, that in all suits in any Circuit Court of the. United States, in which it shall appear that both the judges, or the one who is solely competent to try the same, shall be in any way interested, or shall have been counsel, or connected with either party so as to render it improper to' try, the cause, it shall be the duty of such-judge-, or judges, on the application of either party, to cause the fact to be entered on the records of the court and make an order, that’an authenticated .copy thereof,"with all the proceedings ,in the suit, shall be forthwith'certified, to the most convenient •Circuit Court in. the next' adjacent State, or in the next adjacent circuit, which Circuit /Court shall, upon such record and'order being filed with the clerk,, take'cognizance thereof in the saifie manner as if such suit had been rightfully and originally commenced therein, and shall proceed to hear and determine the same; and the proper process, for the due execution of the judgment or.de-' cree rendered .therein, shall run into and be executed in the' district-where such judgment or decree was rendered;' and,, also, into the district from which such suit was removecl. ' A subsequent act, one of March 3d, 1863, provides, that whenever the- judge of the 'Supreme-Court for- any circuit,, from disability,.ábsence, the accumulation of business in the Circuit Court in any- district within his circuit, or from his having been counsel, of being interested in any canse pending-, or from any other cause, shall'deem it advisable that the Circuit- Court should be holden ly the judge of any^other circuit, he-may request,.in writing, the judge of any other circuit to hold the court in such district during a/time- named.in such request.- With these two acts on the statute-book one Rogers had brought suit, in the Circuit Court for Iowa, against the supervisors of Lee County, 'to recover the interest due by the county on certain-bonds which it had issued, and for tInpayment of which interest, a tax was by the statutes of the State to be levied. Having obtained a judgment against the county, and issued execution without getting any satisfaction, he applied to the same court for.an alternative writ of mandamus upon ’ the bo,ard of county supervisors (whose duty it was, by the laws.of Iowa, to levy all taxes levied),, to levy a tax sufficient- to pay his judgment, or to show cause for not doing so. The writ having issued, the supervisors made a-return . showing cause, or what they set up as such. The case subsequently coming- on for further proceeding, and both the judges of the Circuit Court for Iowa being interested- in the matter as tax-payers of the county of Lee, the case was ordered to be transferred to the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Being now in that court, a1 motion was made to remand, it, on the ground that the act first above quoted, the act, namely, of 1889, had been repealed: by the subsequent one of 1868, and that, under this last act, if the two judges of the Circuit Court for Iowa were interested in the case, a ,cir cuit judge of some other district should'have been requested to hold a court in the Iowa circuit, the case being left there. Instead of this the case had been transferred and the judge' had been left in his district. The motion toas, however, denied. 2. The case being thus in the Circuit Court for Northern Illinois, and a peremptory writ having issued thence, and. the supervisors having refused to obey it, the relator’s counsel moved that a writ should be issued “ according to section 3770 of the code .of Iowa,” directed to the marshal of the • United States, for the district of Iowa, and commanding him to levy and collect the taxes named in the. peremptory writ. This section, 8770 of- the code of Iowa, upon which the. motion for the appointment of the marshal was based, is found in a chapter of the Iowa code, regulating proceedings in mandamus. It thus enacts: “ The court may, upon application ,of the plaintiff .(besides or instead of proceeding against the defendant by attachment) direct that the act required to be done may be done by the plaintiff, or some other person appointed by the court, at the expense of the-defendant; and, upon the act being done, the amount of such expense may be ascertained by the court, or by a referee appointed by the court, as the court or judge may order; and the court may render judgment for the amount of such expense and costs, and enforce payment thereof by execution.” The court below accordingly issued the writ to the- marshal, “ commanding him to levy and collect the taxes named in the said peremptory writ, and when collected to pay said judgment, interest, and costs therein named,” and in performing themid duty, requiring him to conform to the laws of the State of Iowa,.for the collection of State and county ; taxes, as near as' might be. ■ The case being here on error, it was alleged that the court , below erred, . . 1. In overruling the motion to remand the cause to the Circuit Court of the United,States for the! District of Iowa; , and, 2. In making an order for the appointment of the marshal of the.United States, as a commissioner, to levy and collect .thq.tax upon the property of Lee County. Mr. MeOrary, for the plaintiff in error, contended, that the act of 1863 was intended to supersede that of 1839. Great convenience and advantáge arose to suitors,-witnesses, attorneys, and others, by providing for calling a neighboring judge to try such cases. It was vastly more easy for a judge ‘to come into an-adjoining circuit than for counsel and witnesses to. go by hundreds from State to State. Several reasons, might be assigned in support of the second allegation of error; but a conclusive one, he argued, was, that so far as anything appeared here, the chapter’ of tfe Iowa code on which the court’ acted in appointing the marshal, bad never been 'adopted by the Federal court below as one of its rules of practice. It thus had no force in .that court. The/decision in Riggs v. Johnson County last winter, on the subject of mandamús in this class of cases, was based expressly upon the ground that the rules and practice of the court authorized the. issuing of writs of mandamus to enforce the levy of taxes in' these cases, and' it was upon a' full review of the acts of Congress concerning the practice of the courts, that this conclusion was reached. Messrs. Grant and Dick, contra, 1. "Went into a minute examination of the act of 1839, and. that of 1868, contending that the provisions -were able to stand together, and Were thus but cumfilative) They gave two modes of proceeding where the judges were interested, &c. Either could t\e adopted, as was most convenient in. ’ the circumstances. The learned counsel contended— 2. That the chapter of the Iowa code in question, if never otherwise adopted, had been sufficiently adopted for this case, by being completely acted upon in it. § 8, 5 Stat. at Large, 322. 12 Stat. at Large, 768. Smith v. Cockrill, 6 Wallace, 756. Ib 166. [MAJORITY — Mr. Justice NELSON] Mr. Justice NELSON delivered the opinion of the court. I. It wrU'be observed on a comparison of the act of 1839/' with the subsequent one of 1863 that they are very different from each other in their general purpose, scope, and intent. ■ The first provides'only for the removal and trial of a suit in . which the judges are disqualified to try the particular cause on account of interest, or having , been counsel or connected with either party. The second act is more general, and in the events named the judge is to be invited to hold the court • for a givpn session or term, to be named. It is true that the reasons assigned in thé section for calling on the judge embrace two of those assigned in the act ,of 1839 for the removal to an adjacent court, namely.: interest, and having been counsel; but this enumeration is not of much importance in the interpretation of the act, for after the enumera-' tion it is added, or “ from any other cause;” so that the judge would be authorized for a cause not enumerated to call in the judge to hold a session for any time specified, and during which he wquld no doubt be fully competent' to, try any cause comipg even within the enumeration. The frame of the section, we think,- shows that the main purpose of the provision was to procure a judge,to hold a session or term of the court, and not to try a particular cause which the resident judge' was incompetent to try. But the more' ,decisive difference between the two acts is that the power conferred by the latter is permissive and discretionary, whereas the former is express and mandatory. The action of the judge in the latter act depends upon the.question whether or not he deems ■it advisable that the circuit judge of another circuit shall be called in; inthe former.it is made the duty of the judge, on the appli cation of either party, to cause the fact to be entered in the records of the court, and to make the order of removal. In the latter act it is also discretionary with-the judge requested to hold this circuit. The condition of his own circuit may render it inexpedient, or his refusal unavoidable; in the former it is the duty of the circuit to which the cause is removed to take cognizance of the same and try it as if originally brought in that court. "We are of opinion therefore that there'is no nfecessary repugnancy between the two acts, and although ■ in some particulars the two provisions have reference to the same subject, and for the purpose of remedying a common ' inconvenience, there are no negative words in the latter act, and to this extent the remedy may be'well regarded as simply cumulative. II. The next question is as to the appointment of the mar-' shal as a-commissioner to levy the tax in satisfaction of the judgment. This depends upon a provision of the code of the State of Iowa. The provision is found in a chapter regulating proceedings in the writ of mandamus; and the power is given to the court to appoint a person to discharge the duty enjoined by the peremptory writ which the defendant had refused to perform, and for which 'refusal he was liable to an attachment, fine, and imprisonment. It is given by way of an alternative proceeding in execution of the peremptory writ in lieu(of the attachment, and is express and unqualified. The duty of levying the tax upon the taxable property of the county to pay the principal and interest of thfese bonds was specially enjoined upon the board of supervisors by the act of the legislature that authorized their issue, and the appointment of -the marshal ás a commissioner in pursuance of the above section is to provide for the performance of this duty where the board has disobeyed or evaded the law of the State, and the peremptory mandate of the court. This section is but a modification of the law of England , and of the New England States, which provide for the execution of a judgment recovered against a county, city, or town, againgt the private property, of 'any individual, inhabitant, giving him the right, to cláim contribution from the rest .of the people'. It is said that this practice prescribed for the State courts of Iowa has not been, adopted by the United States circuit for that district, and-hence that it is not-competent for the court in the present instance to follow this, mode of proceed-*ing. But the answer is that the court having charge of the. cause under the act of 1889, is fully.competent 'to adopt-.it in the particular case, as its power is the samé ovér it as if it had been , a suit originally -brought in the, court. JüDGMEÑT AEiTRMEP. Mr. Justice MILLER did not sit in this case.