Landmark EU & Human Rights cases

EU Treaty provisions can create directly enforceable individual rights in national courts

EU law has supremacy over conflicting national law of Member States

EU law has supremacy over conflicting national law, even later national legislation

EU directives may have direct effect if sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional

EU directives can have direct effect; free movement restrictions require present personal conduct threats

Directives can be vertically directly effective against the State after deadline has passed

Member States cannot restrict imports meeting legitimate standards of another Member State

EU directives have vertical direct effect against State entities but not horizontal effect.

EU directives may be enforced against state entities and emanations of the state.

House of Lords confirms EU law supremacy over UK Acts of Parliament

Pre-HRA courts cannot directly apply European Convention rights in judicial review.

State liability extends to legislative acts where breach manifestly and gravely disregards EU law.

Member States liable in damages for breaches of EU law under certain conditions

Free movement rights may be limited by legitimate exercise of fundamental rights like protest

Member States may restrict free movement to protect fundamental values like human dignity.

Member states may establish financial stability mechanisms outside EU framework