Warman v. Northern Alliance

Warman v. Northern Alliance
Collection
Canadian Human Rights Tribunal
Date
2009-03-13
Neutral citation
2009 CHRT 10
File number(s)
T1216/2807, T1217/2907
Decision-maker(s)
Lustig, Edward P.
Decision type
Ruling
Decision Content
CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS TRIBUNAL TRIBUNAL CANADIEN DES DROITS DE LA PERSONNE
RICHARD WARMAN
Complainant
- and -
CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
Commission
- and -
NORTHERN ALLIANCE AND JASON OUWENDYK
Respondents
REASONS FOR DECISION
2009 CHRT 10 2009/03/13
MEMBER: Edward Peter Lustig
I. THE COMPLAINTS
II. PRELIMINARY ISSUES
A. Withdrawal by the Commission
B. Ruling by the Tribunal on Charter Challenge of Jason Ouwendyk
III. DECISION
IV. SECTION 13 OF THE ACT
V. WHAT ARE THE IMPUGNED MESSAGES IN THIS CASE?
(i) Roma (aka Gypsies), Eastern Europeans - Ground: National or Ethnic Origin
(ii) Gays and Lesbians - Ground: Sexual Orientation
(iii) Mentally and Physically Disabled -Ground: Disability
(iv) Hispanics - Ground: National or Ethnic Origin/Race
(v) Chinese, East Asians - Ground: National or Ethnic Origin/Race
(vi) Blacks, Asians, Native Aboriginal persons and other Non-Whites- Ground: Race/Colour/National or Ethnic Origin
(vii) Jews, Muslims and Arabs - Ground: Religion/Race/National or Ethnic Origin
VI. ANALYSIS
A. Is the material likely to expose a person or persons to hatred or contempt by reason of the fact they are identifiable on the basis of a prohibited ground of discrimination within the meaning of s. 13 (1)?
B. Were the communications made repeatedly, in whole or in part, by means of the facilities of a telecommunication undertaking within the legislative authority of Parliament, within the meaning of s. 13 (1) of the Act?
(i) Did Jason Ouwendyk and the Northern Alliance, acting in concert, communicate or cause to be communicated the impugned messages by means of the Northern Alliance Website within the meaning of s. 13 (1) of the Act?
VII. REMEDIES
I. THE COMPLAINTS [1] This is a decision regarding two complaints filed by Richard Warman against the Northern Alliance and Jason Ouwendyk on January 21, 2006 alleging that the Respondents discriminated against persons or groups of persons on the basis of religion, sexual orientation, race, colour, national or ethnic origin and disability by repeatedly communicating messages through an Internet website that would likely expose Muslims, Hindus, Jews, gays and lesbians, East Asians, Hispanics, blacks, Arabs, and other non-whites, Somalians, Eastern Europeans, Roma (aka Gypsies), and the mentally and physically disabled to hatred and/or contempt contrary to s. 13 (1) of the Canadian Human Rights Act (the Act).
[2] The complaints allege that the impugned conduct occurred between September 29, 2002 and the Fall of 2005. None of the examples of impugned messages included with the complaints appear to have been posted on the Internet website after January 2004. Reference, however, was also made in the complaints to photographs that were designed to expose persons or groups of persons to hatred or contempt on the basis of discriminatory grounds that according to archival information allegedly were available on the Internet until March 5, 2005.
[3] The inquiry by this Tribunal into the complaints was requested by the Canadian Human Rights Commission (the Commission) as being warranted pursuant to s. 44 (3) (a) of the Act by letter dated April 5, 2007. On receipt of such a request, pursuant to s. 49 (2) of the Act, the Chair of the Tribunal is required to institute an inquiry. On November 30, 2007 the Tribunal directed that both complaints would be consolidated and heard together in one hearing. Notice of the hearing was given to the parties on May 30, 2008.
II. PRELIMINARY ISSUES A. Withdrawal by the Commission [4] Following its request that the Tribunal institute an inquiry, the Commission vigorously participated in the pre-hearing phase of this matter through its counsel until August 11, 2008 - one week before the hearing was scheduled to begin. On August 11, 2008, Mr. Daniel Poulin, Counsel for the Commission, advised the Tribunal and the parties in a three line letter that ... in light of the change of circumstances ... the Commission will no longer participate in the present hearing.
[5] On August 12, 2008, following a request by the Tribunal for more information regarding the Commission's decision to no longer participate, Mr. Poulin wrote a letter to the Tribunal and the parties advising that ... in all of the circumstances, there is no longer a public interest justifying the Commission's participation in this matter. The circumstances cited by Mr. Poulin were that:
the material that formed the basis of the impugned conduct was no longer on the Internet; and as a result of the acceptance by the creditors of a Consumer Proposal of Mr. Ouwendyk in December of 2004 under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, (the Consumer Proposal), the financial claims (both the claim for pain and suffering and the penalty) of Mr. Warman against Mr. Ouwendyk in this matter were stayed. In the material attached to Mr. Poulin's letter there was a letter from the Administrator of the Consumer Proposal wherein he indicated that Mr. Warman was a creditor of Mr. Ouwendyk and was receiving dividends from the Consumer Proposal.
[6] At the request of the Tribunal, Mr. Poulin appeared on behalf of the Commission at the outset of the hearing. In elaborating on the reasons for the Commission's decision to no longer participate in the hearing, Mr. Poulin advised that:
The impugned material that was the subject of the complaints was no longer available on the Internet and had not been available for some time; and The Internet website and the domain name www.northernalliance.ca which was the website referred to in the complaints had been sold some time earlier to a third party that was not related to the Northern Alliance or any person, including Mr. Ouwendyk, related to the Northern Alliance; and As a result of the Consumer Proposal the Tribunal could not issue Orders in respect of financial claims against either Respondent (Mr. Ouwendyk being the agent or the only member served and possibly representing the Northern Alliance) as such claims would be stayed. On the basis of the above noted considerations, as well as others that Mr. Poulin was not able to share, it was the Commission's position that neither Orders to cease and desist or for financial remedies would be effective in respect of the Respondents and, as such, there was no public interest for the Commission to continue to participate in the hearing.
[7] As a result of the Commission's withdrawal, the record was amended to remove the Commission as a party. Mr. Fromm, on behalf of Mr. Ouwendyk, requested that the complaint be dismissed as a result of the Commission's decision not to participate. As Mr. Warman was present and prepared to proceed, I ruled that the matters would proceed with Mr. Warman acting on his own behalf against Mr. Ouwendyk who was present and represented by Mr. Fromm and against the Northern Alliance who did not appear and were not represented but who had received proper notice of the hearing. Mr. Fromm also requested that the complaint be dismissed on the basis that the impugned conduct occurred more than one year before the complaint was filed.
[8] Section 51 of the Act has been interpreted to allow the Commission to not continue to participate in a hearing if, in its opinion, it is not in the public interest to do so. This does not affect a prior decision by the Commission under s. 44 (3) (a) and s. 49 (1) of the Act to request the Tribunal to institute an inquiry on the basis that it feels that it is warranted to do so. The Tribunal is obliged by virtue of s. 49 (2) of the Act to institute an inquiry following the request by the Commission to do so and to hold a hearing in respect thereof. The Tribunal has no authority or jurisdiction to not hold a hearing as a result of a decision by the Commission to withdraw from participating in the hearing after the inquiry has been requested. The Consumer Proposal of Mr. Ouwendyk under the Bankruptcy Act may be a stay of proceedings in respect of financial claims related to the complaints. However, it does not preclude the Tribunal from holding an inquiry as requested by the Commission into the complaints. It is to be noted that following the withdrawal from the proceedings by the Commission, the Complainant amended his Statement of Particulars to remove the financial claims against Mr. Ouwendyk. Finally, a decision by the Commission to request an inquiry by the Tribunal where the alleged conduct occurred more than a year before the complaint was filed is contemplated by ss. 41 (1) (e) and 44 (3) of the Act. Again, in these circumstances, the Tribunal is required to hold a hearing.
[9] In spite of the foregoing, it is troubling that the Commission decided not to participate in the hearing less than one week before its commencement. The Commission was aware as early as February of 2008 when Mr. Ouwendyk filed his Statement of Particulars that he maintained that the impugned material had been taken off the Internet sometime earlier and was no longer available, and that he had made a Consumer Proposal that Mr. Warman was participating in as a creditor. These facts were referred to in paragraphs 2 and 5 of Mr. Ouwendyk's Statement of Particulars of February 5, 2008 which was delivered to the Commission over six months prior to a decision by the Commission to not participate in the hearing.
B. Ruling by the Tribunal on Charter Challenge of Jason Ouwendyk [10] On May 8, 2008 the Chair of the Tribunal, Mr. J. Grant Sinclair made a ruling with respect to a Notice of Intention filed by Mr. Ouwendyk to question the constitutional applicability, validity and effect of ss. 13, 54 (1) and 54 (1.1) of the Act, wherein he alleged that these provisions violated ss. 2 (a), 2 (b), 2 (d) and 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and that they were not saved by s. 1 thereof. In his ruling, Chair Sinclair noted that in Warman v. Lemire, Tribunal File T1073/5405, another s. 13 case already underway, the respondent had raised a virtually identical Charter challenge to the same provisions of the Act. Accordingly, Chair Sinclair ruled as follows:
The Tribunal therefore directs that the hearing into this complaint should proceed at this time, but solely on the evidence regarding the complaint's allegations. The hearing on the question of the constitutional validity of the impugned sections of the Act will be deferred pending the outcome in Lemire. If the complaint is substantiated, the Tribunal will not issue any order until the final determination by the Courts of the constitutional question.
[11] Accordingly, this hearing was held solely on the evidence regarding the allegations contained in the complaints.
III. DECISION [12] For the reasons set out below, I have determined that the complaints against the Respondents Jason Ouwendyk and the Northern Alliance have been substantiated.
IV. SECTION 13 OF THE ACT [13] In order for a complaint under s. 13 (1) to be substantiated, it must be established that matter:
that is likely to expose a person or persons to hatred or contempt by reason of the fact that that person or those persons are identifiable on the basis of a prohibited ground of discrimination; was communicated telephonically or caused to be so communicated, repeatedly, in whole or in part by means of the facilities of a telecommunication undertaking within the legislative authority of Parliament; by a person or group of persons acting in concert.
[14] Prohibited grounds of discrimination include religion, sexual orientation, race, colour, national or ethnic origin and disability (s. 3).
V. WHAT ARE THE IMPUGNED MESSAGES IN THIS CASE? [15] Mr. Warman testified on his own behalf. He was the only witness to give evidence in this case. He is an experienced lawyer who has spent a good deal of time and effort researching and pursuing persons or groups of persons whom he believes are responsible for hate messaging.
[16] Mr. Warman's evidence involved going through a binder of proposed exhibits that had been prepared for this case by the Commission while it was still involved in the case. Mr. Warman submitted several other documents in evidence that did not appear in the Commission's binder, including several documents that he had previously given to the Commission but had not been included with the binder in spite of having been referred to in the original complaints. The binder included almost entirely pages from the Northern Alliance Website www.northernalliance.ca (and related or linked Websites) including photographs that were downloaded by Mr. Warman during 2003. Aside from the photographs which were in a Photo Gallery of the Northern Alliance Website, many of the pages downloaded and entered as exhibits were from the Northern Alliance Forum, a chat room where members could develop threads on subjects that could then be discussed by postings from members. According to Mr. Warman, the Northern Alliance Website was managed by Mr. Ouwendyk as the administrator. To participate in the chat and post, one had to be a member, however, membership was not difficult to obtain and anyone could view the postings by simply clicking onto www.northernalliance.ca and then clicking on Forum. According to Counsel for the Commission this Website has been sold to an unrelated third party and has not been in existence for a number of years - probably as far back as the beginning of 2006. The site would have ceased operation before when Mr. Warman filed his complaints with the Commission.
[17] Mr. Warman testified in regard to each of the downloaded pages and photographs, and he explained how, in his view, they contained hate messages that the Respondents were responsible for communicating. He also identified a number of members of the Northern Alliance as authors of the material including Mr. Ouwendyk, who participated in the Website by pseudonym and was the webmaster or administrator of the Website, according to Mr. Warman.
[18] Mr. Warman highlighted passages and images from the Northern Alliance Website, including the Forum and a Photo Gallery which targeted the following persons or groups of persons on the basis of the following prohibited grounds of discrimination:
(i) Roma (aka Gypsies), Eastern Europeans - Ground: National or Ethnic Origin [19] In a thread titled Canadian skinheads and Gypsies downloaded in September of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim posts appear to have bee made during September of 2003.
...good stuff. Damn gypsy's, I hope they got deported back to the czech republic where they belong!
... we hope all eastern euro mutts are deported because they don't belong in my country!
[...]
I think someone needs to learn the difference between Eastern Europeans and Roma's.
Eastern Europeans are of Scandinavian descent while Roma are of a mongrel mix of european/asia minor ancestry.
Roma populations are higher in Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria and then thin out as they go west and north into countries like the Czech Rep. and Slovakia and nowadays in Western countries thanks to the fall of the Iron Curtain. At least with the Iron Curtain, it helped keep these disgusting people on their side of the imaginary wall.
(ii) Gays and Lesbians - Ground: Sexual Orientation [20] In a thread titled We Have To Stop The Menace!! downloaded in November of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim posts appear to have been made during November of 2003.
In today normal world it is okay to discriminate WHITE NON-HOMOSEXUAL MALE! But it is wrong to tell what u think about non-whites, queers and females (I have no problem with last one! I even support normal WHITE feminists)
The situation with homosexuals is same as situation with nigroes! A few years ago they afraid to sit near with white person, now they bullshiting us with their rights. Today liberals allow same-sex marriage, tomorow those dickheads will give freedom to freaks like pedophilies! Yeah, the dream of each parent is their kid wathcing `Gay/Pedophilie Pride Parade instead of cartoons!
[...]
We have to fight! Otherwise the world we know will disapear and our race wil be slaughtered!
In addition a picture posted on the Northern Alliance Website on July 14, 2003 showed a person at an anti-gay pride parade holding a sign that read:
There is a cure for Homosexuality - It's Aids.
(iii) Mentally and Physically Disabled -Ground: Disability [21] In a thread titled Don't argue on the net because: downloaded in July of 2003 from the Northern Alliance website, the following image and verbatim posts appear to have been made during May, June and July of 2003.
[22] There is a photograph of a young person with Down's Syndrome running a race to the finish line with his arms open. The captions read Arguing on the internet is like running in the Special Olympics Even if you win, you're still retarded A very special message from JRR's Shut The Fuck Up Foundation. The captions are followed by these verbatim posts:
[...]
A mongoloid.
Or should I say, intellectually disadvantaged.
[...]
A genetic defect like that Mongoloid may be White, but that does not automatically make him worthy. He is flawed and were he to reproduce, he would have genetically damaged offspring.
Perhaps we should discuss the benefits of Eugenics.
[...]
Best way to practice Eugenics without backlash is to have doctors mistreat patients than inform parents ands concerned persons the patient did of complications. If the Jews can get away with killing millions of white babies via abortion doctors, I am sure others could implement similar but more usefull programs.
[...]
I support euthanasia for mongoloids and other incurable illnesses. They are of no benefit to anyone and are only a burden to all.
My God ... what a horrible creature!
Perhaps we could use it as fuel.
Good idea! There's enough of them here to turn the tables on OPEC!
[23] Also in a thread titled A Website demoting Miscegenation downloaded in November 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim post appears to have been made during November of 2003:
I am glad to see Jews are sticking to their own kind ... now if we could only setup a site like this for Niggeroids and Mongoloids we'd be all set.
(iv) Hispanics - Ground: National or Ethnic Origin/Race [24] In a thread titled Jessica Lynch downloaded in November of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim posts appear to have been made during November of 2003.
I know many of you already know that Private Lynch is a race traitor engaged to be married to a wetback, but in case you haven't seen them together, here is a photo.
May be we can do Saving Private Lynch Part II by going down there and getting back from the spics. Who knows it may make a great movie. Anyone know where we can get our hands on a couple of Blackhawks, nightvision goggles and M16s?
(v) Chinese, East Asians - Ground: National or Ethnic Origin/Race [25] In a thread titled Chinese Culture (pictures) downloaded in October of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim posts appear to have been made during October of 2003.
There are over one million Chinese in Canada already
[...]
Beware of the silent invasion
What defence could our 80,000 man army mount against the one million gooks living in Canada?
Sars was just a test!
[26] Also, in a thread titled Food for thought downloaded in September, 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim posts appear to have been made during September of 2003:
[...]
YOU BITCHES NEED TO WAKE UP AND FIGHT BACK! THERES NO BACK BONE IN ANY OF YOU!! BEAT DOWN A HALF BREED IN G TOWN IN 96 AND DID 2 YEARS IM A REAL CANADIAN HERO!
I remember reading about that in the newspaper. I seem to recall it being a Paki store clerk in Georgetown that was assaulted.
(vi) Blacks, Asians, Native Aboriginal persons and other Non-Whites- Ground: Race/Colour/National or Ethnic Origin There were many postings that referred to Blacks. Among them were the following:
[27] In a thread titled certain white women downloaded in October of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim posts appear to have been made during October of 2003.
how come every time I see a white chick with a darky I just want to kill them both! is this a natural feeling to have?
[...]
It bothers me as well but I do not get mad at the guy for being with a white woman - I get more mad at the white woman.
In a thread titled Immigrant Criminal Steals White Woman downloaded in November of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following posts appear to have been made during November of 2003.
What else could you expect when from the multiracialists........
[...]
There have been many recent examples of race mixing sluts getting killed, raped, or abducted by their mud lovers right here in London.
You'd think this would sound off some alarm bells with the mud loving sheep!
If not, they get what they deserve.
The results of sleeping with non-Whites is apparent in London, ON this month:
The White Woman from London is this story was raped by a Nigger:
As well, other non-whites, Asians and Aboriginal persons were also targeted as follows:
[28] In a thread titled Actors' daughter dies in shootout outside club downloaded from the Northern Alliance Website in January of 2004, the following verbatim post appears to have been made during January of 2004.
Non-White gangs are roaming Canada's streets engaging in gun battles with each other and taking the lives of White Canadians in their wake. The citizens of B.C. should form a lynch mob and oust these Indo-Canadians responsible for murdering a White woman. This story also shows what can happen to those who chose to betray their race and associate and protect Asian gang members.
[29] In a thread titled The Governator downloaded in October of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim posts appear to have been made during October of 2003.
[...]
Arnold is the in thing in Californicate ....
Will he clean it up or fuck it up? And don't just drop your opinion like some dog's calling card on the lawn and then split; explain it. Let's see how many of us really have two brain cells to rub togeather and what the friction produces...
[...]
It would certainly take a big man to clean up the mud-infested state that is California. Let's hope Arnie is that man.
[30] In a thread titled Manitoba university offers oboriginal arts degree downloaded in January of 2004 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim post appears to have been made during January of 2004.
Commentary: It's good to know that there will be people with degrees in teepee building. Our country has a glut of skilled labour of that sort. With this degree, I guess a person could get a major in scalping and a minor in smoking the peace pipe.
...
(vii) Jews, Muslims and Arabs - Ground: Religion/Race/National or Ethnic Origin Jews, Muslims and Arabs were targeted in many of the postings. Among them were the following:
[31] In a thread titled Israel's Neonazis downloaded in November of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim post appears to have been made during November of 2003.
[...]
Screw the Jew!
[32] In a thread titled Whom do U Support In Iraq?? downloaded in November of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim posts appear to have been made during November of 2003.
[...]
...U right that those muslim-shit will run to my, your home and to rest of Europe! But those impudent shit even worst than niggers!
[...]
I noticed that many people here are okay with muslim-scum. But guys muslim are the worst of our enemy! All drugs are coming from them (niggers just sell it on streets! They're just a pawns), half of Europe are under muslims. In France there are already a lot of WHITE PEOPLE have taken muslim religion, not so far ago there was a case to separete males and females in a swimpool, in England was case about letting muslim's females to cover their faces for photo on ID, driving license etc. (same case was in US and in Canada I believe), in Russia those scums just cut and kill Russians. Those scums multiply like rabits, and soon ZOG will look like poor fluffy thing comparing to muslims.
[...]
Don't misunderstand: by no means do I want Arabs immigrating to Europe at the rate they are now, it is obscene, but you have to understand that this itself is a result of Europe's own ZOG's, and can be solved with any number of quick fixes once we have control..., namely through telling them to fuck off and go home...
[...]
I forgot to notice that most of muslim scum whom I talked to (quite a big number since I'm ESL guy), don't like their womens! They like White Canadian, French, Russian, German...girls. To cooperate with muslim extrimist is a really great risk, and the first thing we have to do - is to get rid of all muslims in our homes!
[...]
Muslim attack whites because they see enemy in us! That is all! By the way - jews and arabs are both semites!! Even though they hate each other. Semites MUST DIE!
[...]
The muslim is not your friend. The only thing that he wants from you is your neck under his boot in the name of sharia.
[...]
You, my friend, dearly need to determine who is the greater threat. Who are breeding like rodents? If you had a muslim, a jew and only one bullet: who would you shoot??
[...]
Chu, do not be fooled. The ZIONIST is the greatest threat to our race. It is why, time after time, they have been persecuted against throughout history. Like a parasite, they have no permanent home. They cling onto a host until they kill it, and then move on in search of a new host. I give the muslims kudos, they are fierce fighters up against a multi-faced enemy.
[...]
Pakistan has nukes ... they sure do, but somehow I think they might be a bit less inclined to use them, if every word out of our diplomats' mouths were not tainted by the Star of David painted on our foreheads.
We should not pay any less attention to these countries than we do now, aside from invading them cause Israel says so. Let's get rid of every Arab who tries to bring nuclear weapons to his country ... let's forcibly show them never to challenge the West again...But how about we do it AFTER we're free and able to make our own decisions, with our own economy, and for our own benefit?
[33] In a thread titled Holohoax Rally! downloaded in July of 2003 from the Northern Alliance Website, the following verbatim posts appear to have been made during July of 2003.
[...]
Good post connovar. Jews were persecuted for the same reasons they are today. They control a large amount of wealth and political influence and redistribute these things only to benefit themselves. By playing the anti-semetism card they forever enslave us because we are afraid to be publicly persecuted by the zionists (i.e. Zundel, Hale, Lane). Most people agree that the jews control the majority of wealth in North America ... and it is a dangerous thing when a small interest group controls the minds and pockets of the majority.
[...]
Hitler stood up against the Jews. I know a lot of media uses Hitler to make things difficult for modern white nationalists, but we musn't blame him. It's the Jews who are using Hitlers actions to keep the white race down, this is no fault of Hitler. If it hadn't been for Hitler they Jewish media would be using someone else to keep us down.
[...]
Next, I do not believe that millions of jews were exterminated as media would have you to believe. I also don't believe that there were over 600 thousand. I believe that 60,000 would be a more appropriate number. But the question I have is ..... who cares?
... at least the 60,000 was a damn good start!!!!!
[...]
[34] A Photo Gallery was also posted on the Northern Alliance Website and downloaded in November of 2003 with a title page collage of photos that stated the following: They claim that race is only a matter of skin colour and we are all equal - We tend to disagree. There then appeared a number of images or pictures which were entered into evidence as exhibits including the following prefaced by the title page:
Women wearing what appears to be traditional middle Eastern clothing engaging in the mutilation of their children East Indian and other non-white males engaging in a variety of mouth or other body piercings Apparently African Blacks in particular washing themselves in what appears to be animal urine and drinking what appears to be animal urine Black children appearing to be emaciated and covered in flies Images of non-white males accompanied by a caption describing them as shitskins. Apparently South Asian children shown with rats Men appearing to be Muslims self-mutilating themselves People who appear to be Chinese or East Asian slaughtering and eating cats Apparently Africans or East-Africans engaging in brutal bludgeoning murders and/or immolation of individuals Non-whites engaging in cannibalism and using their bodies to breast- feed pigs and monkeys.
VI. ANALYSIS A. Is the material likely to expose a person or persons to hatred or contempt by reason of the fact they are identifiable on the basis of a prohibited ground of discrimination within the meaning of s. 13 (1)? [35] The words hatred, contempt, likely and expose have been interpreted by the Tribunal and by the Courts.
[36] In Canada (Human Rights Commission) v. Taylor [1990] 3 S.C.R. 892, the Supreme Court of Canada adopted the Tribunal's definition of the words hatred and contempt as established in Nealy v. Johnston (1989), 10 C.H.R.R. D/6450; and Taylor and the Western Guard Party v. Canadian Human Rights Commission and Attorney General of Canada (1979), T.D. 1/79. Hatred involves feelings of active dislike, detestation, enmity, extreme ill-will and malevolence. It means, in effect, that one finds no redeeming qualities in the object of one's detestation. It does not necessarily involve the mental process of looking down on another or others. It is possible to hate someone who one feels is superior to one in intelligence, wealth, or power. Contempt on the other hand does involve the process of looking down on or treating as inferior another or others.
[37] The Tribunal in Nealy v. Johnston stated that the use of the word likely in s. 13 (1) means that it is not necessary to prove that any particular individual or group took the messages seriously and directed hatred or contempt toward others. Nor is it necessary to show that, in fact, anyone was so victimized.
[38] The word expose has been held by the Tribunal in Taylor and Nealy to be a more passive word than incite. To expose, in this context, means to leave one unprotected or to lay open to danger, ridicule or censure. In other words, the Tribunal has stated that, if one is creating the right conditions for hatred to flourish, leaving the identifiable group open or vulnerable to ill-feelings or hostility, if one is putting them at risk of being hated, in a situation where hatred or contempt are inevitable, one then falls within the compass of s. 13 (1) of the Act.
[39] Words and photographic images are among the most powerful forms of communication. They can be used productively either to create, advance, advocate and support positive things or to oppose, criticize, dissent and protest negative things. They are a manifestation of thought. In a democratic society, such as ours, free thought and expression represents the lifeblood needed to maintain our liberty and freedom. Often, they inform, educate, entertain, motivate and even inspire us. In many cases, they either have no particular value or are even of negative value. For every Shakespearean sonnet in existence, there are many more exploitive and violent messages communicated to us by various means. In virtually all cases the communication of words and photographic images are and should be protected uncensored as free speech and expression notwithstanding that in some cases they are of no value or even of negative value. There are, however, communications that are not only valueless or of negative value but beyond that are likely to expose persons or groups of persons to hatred and/or contempt on the basis of discriminatory grounds such as religion, sexual orientation, race, colour, national or ethnic origin and disability. Parliament has enacted s. 13 of the Act to prohibit these types of communications. The Tribunal and the Courts have, in the past, held that these types of messages are not protected because they are the antithesis of free speech and expression, inimical to the objectives of a free and democratic society and harmful to the individual rights and freedoms of persons against whom they are directed. Such hate messages have been held to be contradictory to the purposes of the Act which seeks to protect and uphold the principle expressed in s. 2 thereof, which states that:
The purpose of this Act is to extend the laws in Canada to give effect, within the purview of matters coming within the legislative authority of Parliament, to the principle that all individuals should have an opportunity equal with other individuals to make for themselves the lives that they are able and wish to have and to have their needs accommodated, consistent with their duties and obligations as members of society, without being hindered in or prevented from doing so by discriminatory practices based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, disability or conviction for an offence for which a pardon has been granted.
[40] In Taylor, the Supreme Court of Canada considered both the general purpose of the Act, and, more specifically, the harm addressed by s. 13 (1). Writing for the majority, Dickson C.J. begins by reference to the general purpose of the Act set out in s. 2, and succinctly summarizes the legislative intent as the promotion of equal opportunity unhindered by discriminatory practices. He then goes on to find that in enacting s. 13, Parliament has expressed the view that the repeated telephonic communication of hate messages is contrary to the furtherance of equality.
[41] A review of the report of the Special Committee on Hate Propaganda in Canada, also known as the Cohen Committee, led Dickson C.J. to comment as follows:
The Cohen Committee noted that individuals subjected to racial or religious hatred may suffer substantial psychological distress, the damaging consequences including a loss of self-esteem, feelings of anger and outrage and strong pressure to renounce the cultural differences that mark them as distinct. This intensely painful reaction undoubtedly detracts from an individual's ability to, in the words of s. 2 of the Act, make for himself or herself the life that he or she is able and wishes to have. As well, the Committee observed that hate propaganda can operate to convince listeners, even if subtly, that members of certain racial or religious groups are inferior. The result may be an increase in acts of discrimination ... and even incidents of violence.
[42] Dickson C.J. continued by noting that since the release of the Cohen Report, several other studies had similarly found that hate propaganda poses a serious threat to society, and he concluded that:
...messages of hate propaganda undermine the dignity and self-worth of target groups members and, more generally, contribute to disharmonious relations among various racial, cultural and religious groups, as a result eroding tolerance and open-mindedness that must flourish in a multicultural society which is committed to the idea of equality.
[43] The messages quoted and referred to above from the Northern Alliance Website are not simply nasty, crude, and vicious. They express the idea that people should be hated or held in contempt because of who they are rather than what they have done. It is unknowable whether the people who communicate these messages do so out of fear or ignorance of someone different or because of a basic malevolence that exists in some of us. These messages associate stereotypical negative themes passed down through the ages about various people or groups of people who are not white Christian Western European heterosexuals and who are perceived to be disabled. The effect of these messages is to expose such people or groups of people to hatred or contempt on the basis of their religion, sexual orientation, race, colour, national or ethnic origin or disability. In these communications, Jews are held out to be dishonest, money hungry and striving to control the world to their benefit and to everyone else's detriment. It is said that they have exaggerated the Holocaust for self serving purposes. Muslims are portrayed as dirty, violent and dangerous. Gays and Lesbians are depicted as deviant criminals who prey on children. Blacks, Arabs and other non-whites are shown as ignorant and inferior. The mentally and physically disabled are described as horrible creatures who ought not to be allowed to live. It is suggested that many of these targeted groups should be eliminated. It is likely that the people posting these messages have never spent any meaningful time with or come to know individuals in the group or groups of people that they stereotypically seek to describe in negative, contemptuous and hateful terms. Education would probably help to eliminate this type of behaviour. In the meantime, Parliament has through s. 13 (1) of the Act sought to prohibit this kind of communication for the reasons referred to above.
[44] The impugned messages quoted and referred to above, fall within the meaning of the definitions of hatred and contempt in the cases earlier referenced. The communication of the impugned messages is likely to expose the targeted persons to hatred or contempt on the basis of a prohibited ground of discrimination as those terms are defined by the cases earlier referenced.
[45] In reading the text of and observing the images produced in evidence in this case and reproduced earlier, it seems clear that these messages also fall within the following hallmarks of material that is more likely than not to expose members of the targeted group to hatred or contempt as developed in the analysis of the s. 13 (1) jurisprudence that was conducted by Member Jensen in Warman v. Kouba, 2006 CHRT 50:
The Powerful Menace Hallmark: the targeted group is portrayed as a powerful menace that is taking control of the major institutions in society and depriving others of their livelihoods, safety, freedom of speech and general well-being. The True Story Hallmark: the messages use true stories, news reports, pictures and references from purportedly reputable sources to make negative generalizations about the targeted group. The Predator Hallmark: the targeted group is portrayed as preying upon children, the aged, the vulnerable, etc. The Cause of Society's Problems Hallmark: the targeted group is blamed for the current problems in society and the world. The Dangerous or Violent by Nature Hallmark: the targeted group is portrayed as dangerous or violent by nature. The No Redeeming Qualities Hallmark: the messages convey the idea that members of the targeted group are devoid of any redeeming qualities and are innately evil. The Banishment Hallmark: the messages communicate the idea that nothing but the banishment, segregation or eradication of this group of people will save others from the harm being done by this group. The Sub-human Hallmark: the targeted group is de-humanized through comparisons to and associations with animals, vermin, excrement, and other noxious substances. The Inflammatory Language Hallmark: highly inflammatory and derogatory language is used in the messages to create a tone of ext