Apotex Inc. v. Canada (Health)
Source text
Apotex Inc. v. Canada (Health) Court (s) Database Federal Court of Appeal Decisions Date 2010-12-09 Neutral citation 2010 FCA 334 File numbers A-352-09 Notes Reported Decision Decision Content Date: 20101209 Dockets: A-352-09 A-360-09 Citation: 2010 FCA 334 CORAM: NADON J.A. SHARLOW J.A. LAYDEN-STEVENSON J.A. Docket: A-352-09 BETWEEN: APOTEX INC. Appellant and THE MINISTER OF HEALTH and THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA Respondents and ELI LILLY CANADA Respondent Docket: A-360-09 BETWEEN: CANADIAN GENERIC PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION Appellant and ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA and THE MINISTER OF HEALTH Respondents and CANADA’S RESEARCH-BASED PHARCEUTICAL COMPANIES Respondent Heard at Toronto, Ontario, on June 7, 2010. Judgment delivered at Ottawa, Ontario, on December 9, 2010. REASONS FOR JUDGMENT BY: NADON J.A. CONCURRED IN BY: SHARLOW J.A. LAYDEN-STEVENSON J.A. Date: 20101209 Docket: A-352-09 A-360-09 Citation: 2010 FCA 334 Docket: A-352-09 BETWEEN: APOTEX INC. Appellant and THE MINISTER OF HEALTH and THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA Respondents and ELI LILLY CANADA Respondent Docket: A-360-09 BETWEEN: CANADIAN GENERIC PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION Appellant and ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA and THE MINISTER OF HEALTH Respondents and CANADA’S RESEARCH-BASED PHARCEUTICAL COMPANIES Respondent REASONS FOR JUDGMENT NADON J.A. [1] These are appeals from a decision of Mandamin J. (the “Judge”) of the Federal Court, 2009 FC 725, dated July 17, 2009, which dismissed the judicial review applicatio…
Full judgment (source text)
Mirrored from decisions.fca-caf.gc.ca — the linked original is authoritative.
Apotex Inc. v. Canada (Health) Court (s) Database Federal Court of Appeal Decisions Date 2010-12-09 Neutral citation 2010 FCA 334 File numbers A-352-09 Notes Reported Decision Decision Content Date: 20101209 Dockets: A-352-09 A-360-09 Citation: 2010 FCA 334 CORAM: NADON J.A. SHARLOW J.A. LAYDEN-STEVENSON J.A. Docket: A-352-09 BETWEEN: APOTEX INC. Appellant and THE MINISTER OF HEALTH and THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA Respondents and ELI LILLY CANADA Respondent Docket: A-360-09 BETWEEN: CANADIAN GENERIC PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION Appellant and ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA and THE MINISTER OF HEALTH Respondents and CANADA’S RESEARCH-BASED PHARCEUTICAL COMPANIES Respondent Heard at Toronto, Ontario, on June 7, 2010. Judgment delivered at Ottawa, Ontario, on December 9, 2010. REASONS FOR JUDGMENT BY: NADON J.A. CONCURRED IN BY: SHARLOW J.A. LAYDEN-STEVENSON J.A. Date: 20101209 Docket: A-352-09 A-360-09 Citation: 2010 FCA 334 Docket: A-352-09 BETWEEN: APOTEX INC. Appellant and THE MINISTER OF HEALTH and THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA Respondents and ELI LILLY CANADA Respondent Docket: A-360-09 BETWEEN: CANADIAN GENERIC PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION Appellant and ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA and THE MINISTER OF HEALTH Respondents and CANADA’S RESEARCH-BASED PHARCEUTICAL COMPANIES Respondent REASONS FOR JUDGMENT NADON J.A. [1] These are appeals from a decision of Mandamin J. (the “Judge”) of the Federal Court, 2009 FC 725, dated July 17, 2009, which dismissed the judicial review applications of the appellants, Apotex Inc. (“Apotex”), appellant in Court file A-352-09, and the Canadian Generic Pharmaceutical Association (the “CGPA”), appellant in Court file A-360-09, seeking a declaration that subsection 30(3) of the Food and Drugs Act, R.S. 1985, c. F-25 (the “Act”) and section C.08.004.1 – the Data Protection Regulation (the “DPR”) of the Regulations Respecting Food and Drug, C.R.C., c. 870 (the “Regulations”) – were ultra vires and without legal force and effect. [2] In dismissing the applications, the Judge declared the DPR intra vires the federal Parliament. More particularly, he found the DPR to be intra vires Parliament’s power to make laws respecting trade and commerce under subsection 91(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 (“Constitution Act”). He further found the provision valid because it is both rationally connected to its enabling provision, subsection 30(3) of the Act, and a permissible sub-delegation. [3] On November 13, 2009, a Notice of Constitutional Question was filed by the CGPA. It reads as follows: The Appellant, the Canadian Generic Pharmaceutical Association, intends to question the constitutional validity, applicability or effect of the Food and Drugs Act (“FDA”), R.S.C. 1985, c. F-27, ss. 30(3), and regulations purportedly enacted thereunder, namely the Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Data Protection) (hereinafter referred to as the “2005 DP Regulations”), published October 18, 2006, in the Canada Gazette Part II, Vol. 140, No. 21, SOR/DORS/2006-241 at pages 1493-1494, purportedly amending the Food and Drug Regulations, C.R.C., c. 870, s. C.08.004.1… [4] Subsection 30(3) of the Act and the DPR are at the heart of these appeals and they read as follows: The Act 30. (3) Without limiting or restricting the authority conferred by any other provisions of this Act or any Part thereof for carrying into effect the purposes and provisions of this Act or any Part thereof, the Governor in Council may make such regulations as the Governor in Council deems necessary for the purpose of implementing, in relation to drugs, Article 1711 of the North American Free Trade Agreement or paragraph 3 of Article 39 of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights set out in Annex 1C to the WTO Agreement. *********************** “Data Protection Regulation” (DPR) C.08.004.1 (1) The following definitions apply in this section. "innovative drug" means a drug that contains a medicinal ingredient not previously approved in a drug by the Minister and that is not a variation of a previously approved medicinal ingredient such as a salt, ester, enantiomer, solvate or polymorph. (drogue innovante) "pediatric populations" means the following groups: premature babies born before the 37th week of gestation; full-term babies from 0 to 27 days of age; and all children from 28 days to 2 years of age, 2 years plus 1 day to 11 years of age and 11 years plus 1 day to 18 years of age. (population pédiatrique) (2) This section applies to the implementation of Article 1711 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, as defined in the definition "Agreement" in subsection 2(1) of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, and of paragraph 3 of Article 39 of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights set out in Annex 1C to the World Trade Organization Agreement, as defined in the definition "Agreement" in subsection 2(1) of the World Trade Organization Agreement Implementation Act. (3) If a manufacturer seeks a notice of compliance for a new drug on the basis of a direct or indirect comparison between the new drug and an innovative drug, (a) the manufacturer may not file a new drug submission, a supplement to a new drug submission, an abbreviated new drug submission or a supplement to an abbreviated new drug submission in respect of the new drug before the end of a period of six years after the day on which the first notice of compliance was issued to the innovator in respect of the innovative drug; and (b) the Minister shall not approve that submission or supplement and shall not issue a notice of compliance in respect of the new drug before the end of a period of eight years after the day on which the first notice of compliance was issued to the innovator in respect of the innovative drug. (4) The period specified in paragraph (3)(b) is lengthened to eight years and six months if (a) the innovator provides the Minister with the description and results of clinical trials relating to the use of the innovative drug in relevant pediatric populations in its first new drug submission for the innovative drug or in any supplement to that submission that is filed within five years after the issuance of the first notice of compliance for that innovative drug; and (b) before the end of a period of six years after the day on which the first notice of compliance was issued to the innovator in respect of the innovative drug, the Minister determines that the clinical trials were designed and conducted for the purpose of increasing knowledge of the use of the innovative drug in those pediatric populations and this knowledge would thereby provide a health benefit to members of those populations. (5) Subsection (3) does not apply if the innovative drug is not being marketed in Canada. (6) Paragraph (3)(a) does not apply to a subsequent manufacturer if the innovator consents to the filing of a new drug submission, a supplement to a new drug submission, an abbreviated new drug submission or a supplement to an abbreviated new drug submission by the subsequent manufacturer before the end of the period of six years specified in that paragraph. (7) Paragraph (3)(a) does not apply to a subsequent manufacturer if the manufacturer files an application for authorization to sell its new drug under section C.07.003. (8) Paragraph (3)(b) does not apply to a subsequent manufacturer if the innovator consents to the issuance of a notice of compliance to the subsequent manufacturer before the end of the period of eight years specified in that paragraph or of eight years and six months specified in subsection (4). (9) The Minister shall maintain a register of innovative drugs that includes information relating to the matters specified in subsections (3) and (4). [Emphasis added] La Loi 30. (3) Sans que soit limité le pouvoir conféré par toute autre disposition de la présente loi de prendre des règlements d’application de la présente loi ou d’une partie de celle-ci, le gouverneur en conseil peut prendre, concernant les drogues, les règlements qu’il estime nécessaires pour la mise en œuvre de l’article 1711 de l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain ou du paragraphe 3 de l’article 39 de l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce figurant à l’annexe 1C de l’Accord sur l’OMC. ************************* « Règlement sur la protection des données » (RPD) C.08.004.1 Les définitions qui suivent s’appliquent au présent article. « drogue innovante » S’entend de toute drogue qui contient un ingrédient médicinal non déjà approuvé dans une drogue par le ministre et qui ne constitue pas une variante d’un ingrédient médicinal déjà approuvé tel un changement de sel, d’ester, d’énantiomère, de solvate ou de polymorphe. (innovative drug) « population pédiatrique » S’entend de chacun des groupes suivants : les bébés prématurés nés avant la 37e semaine de gestation, les bébés menés à terme et âgés de 0 à 27 jours, tous les enfants âgés de 28 jours à deux ans, ceux âgés de deux ans et un jour à 11 ans et ceux âgés de 11 ans et un jour à 18 ans. (pediatric populations) (2) Le présent article s’applique à la mise en œuvre de l’article 1711 de l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, au sens du terme « Accord » au paragraphe 2(1) de la Loi de mise en œuvre de l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, et du paragraphe 3 de l’article 39 de l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce figurant à l’annexe 1C de l’Accord sur l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, au sens du terme « Accord » au paragraphe 2(1) de la Loi de mise en œuvre de l’Accord sur l’Organisation mondiale du commerce. (3) Lorsque le fabricant demande la délivrance d’un avis de conformité pour une drogue nouvelle sur la base d’une comparaison directe ou indirecte entre celle-ci et la drogue innovante : a) le fabricant ne peut déposer pour cette drogue nouvelle de présentation de drogue nouvelle, de présentation abrégée de drogue nouvelle ou de supplément à l’une de ces présentations avant l’expiration d’un délai de six ans suivant la date à laquelle le premier avis de conformité a été délivré à l’innovateur pour la drogue innovante; b) le ministre ne peut approuver une telle présentation ou un tel supplément et ne peut délivrer d’avis de conformité pour cette nouvelle drogue avant l’expiration d’un délai de huit ans suivant la date à laquelle le premier avis de conformité a été délivré à l’innovateur pour la drogue innovante. (4) Le délai prévu à l’alinéa (3)b) est porté à huit ans et six mois si, à la fois : a) l’innovateur fournit au ministre la description et les résultats des essais cliniques concernant l’utilisation de la drogue innovante dans les populations pédiatriques concernées dans sa première présentation de drogue nouvelle à l’égard de la drogue innovante ou dans tout supplément à une telle présentation déposé au cours des cinq années suivant la délivrance du premier avis de conformité à l’égard de cette drogue innovante; b) le ministre conclut, avant l’expiration du délai de six ans qui suit la date à laquelle le premier avis de conformité a été délivré à l’innovateur pour la drogue innovante, que les essais cliniques ont été conçus et menés en vue d’élargir les connaissances sur l’utilisation de cette drogue dans les populations pédiatriques visées et que ces connaissances se traduiraient par des avantages pour la santé des membres de celles-ci. (5) Le paragraphe (3) ne s’applique pas si la drogue innovante n’est pas commercialisée au Canada. (6) L’alinéa (3)a) ne s’applique pas au fabricant ultérieur dans le cas où l’innovateur consent à ce qu’il dépose une présentation de drogue nouvelle, une présentation abrégée de drogue nouvelle ou un supplément à l’une de ces présentations avant l’expiration du délai de six ans prévu à cet alinéa. (7) L’alinéa (3)a) ne s’applique pas au fabricant ultérieur s’il dépose une demande d’autorisation pour vendre cette drogue nouvelle aux termes de l’article C.07.003. (8) L’alinéa (3)b) ne s’applique pas au fabricant ultérieur dans le cas où l’innovateur consent à ce que lui soit délivré un avis de conformité avant l’expiration du délai de huit ans prévu à cet alinéa ou de huit ans et six mois prévu au paragraphe (4). (9) Le ministre tient un registre des drogues innovantes, lequel contient les renseignements relatifs à l’application des paragraphes (3) et (4). [Non souligné dans l’original] [5] Subsection 30(3) of the Act grants the Governor in Council authority to enact regulations, as he deems necessary, for the purpose of implementing specified data protection provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) and the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS”) as set out in Annex 1C to the WTO Agreement. [6] The DPR introduces a period of market exclusivity for manufacturers of “innovative drug[s]” by imposing an eight-year moratorium on the approval of the marketing of generic copies of previously-approved new drugs. More particularly, paragraph (3)(a) thereof prohibits a generic manufacturer, seeking a Notice of Compliance (“NOC”) for a new drug “on the basis of a direct or indirect comparison between the new drug and an innovative drug”, from filing a New Drug Submission (“NDS”) “before the end of a period of six years after the day on which the first notice of compliance was issued to the innovator in respect of the innovative drug”. In addition, paragraph 3(b) of the DPR prohibits the Minister of Health (the “Minister”) from issuing a NOC to a generic drug manufacturer “before the end of a period of eight years after the day on which the first notice of compliance was issued to the innovator in respect of the innovative drug”. The Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement (the “RIAS”), issued with the DPR, sets out the purpose thereof as follows: Description The amendments to section C.08.004.1 of the Food and Drug Regulations (“Regulations”) are intended to provide new drugs with an internationally competitive, guaranteed minimum period of market exclusivity of eight years. An additional six months period of data protection is available for innovative drugs that have been the subject of clinical trials designed and conducted for the purpose of increasing the knowledge of the behaviour of the drug in pediatric populations… Description L’objet des modifications à l’article C.08.004.1 du Règlement sur les aliments et drogues (le « règlement ») consiste à accorder aux drogues nouvelles une position concurrentielle sur les marchés internationaux et une période d’exclusivité de marché garantie d’une durée de huit ans. Une période de six mois supplémentaires de protection des données est possible dans le cas des drogues ayant fait l’objet d’essais cliniques conçus et menés dans le but d’accroître les connaissances sur le comportement du médicament chez les populations pédiatriques… [7] Prior to the enactment of the DPR, the only impediment to a generic drug manufacturer’s ability to obtain approval of the right to market a generic drug was the existence of an unexpired patent. Since the enactment of the DPR, generic drug manufacturers cannot obtain approval for their generic drug until the period of market exclusivity of the innovative drug has expired, even where there is no patent protection for that drug. [8] A brief review of the regulatory scheme enacted by Parliament with respect to the marketing of drugs in Canada and of the relevant provisions of NAFTA and TRIPS will help to facilitate an understanding of the issues raised by these appeals. REGULATORY SCHEME [9] It is a criminal offence in Canada to market a new drug unless the manufacturer thereof has received a NOC, i.e., the Minister’s confirmation that the manufacturer has complied with the Regulations, which seek to ensure the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. [10] The Regulations prescribe the manner in which the safety and effectiveness of the drug may be shown and they set out a process allowing manufacturers to qualify for exemption from criminality. They also set out in detail the information which a manufacturer must provide to the Minister in order to obtain a NOC. Thus, a manufacturer must obtain a NOC pursuant to Part C, Division VIII of the Regulations, failing which the selling or advertising of the drug in Canada will be subject to criminal prosecution. [11] In order to obtain a NOC, a manufacturer must either file a New Drug Submission (“NDS”) or an Abbreviated New Drug Submission (“ANDS”) as required by section C.08.002.(1) of the Regulations. Generally speaking, a NDS is filed by innovator drug companies (“innovator(s)”). The information provided by innovators in a NDS serves to establish that their drug meets the regulatory requirements with regard to the safety, efficacy and quality of the drug. More particularly, the NDS data will identify the drug, its benefits, adverse reactions, manufacturing process and the results of clinical trials on healthy volunteers and on patients. [12] A NDS is comprised of various sections, including pre-clinical, clinical, chemistry and manufacturing sections. The pre-clinical portions thereof will consist of all the information pertaining to the experiments that the innovator has conducted in a laboratory so as to test the action and toxicity of the drug. The clinical portions of a NDS provide information with regard to clinical trials with volunteer subjects and/or patients to test the safety and efficacy of the new drug. Further information may be required by the Minister. The content, size and cost of a NDS will vary, but it can be safely said that a NDS for a new active drug, in the words of the Judge, is “… a significant undertaking by the innovator drug company and can contain as many as one to three hundred volumes of data” (Judge’s Reasons, paragraph 15). [13] Once satisfied by the information provided by the innovator, the Minister may issue a NOC. The drug will then be listed as a Canada Reference Product and will be issued a Drug Information Number (“DIN”). [14] An ANDS is available to generic drug manufacturers who wish to copy a marketed drug without having to provide the detailed reports and substantial data clinically demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of their drug. An ANDS will provide the Minister with information pertaining to the composition and manufacture of the drug, as well as studies demonstrating that the generic drug contains the identical amount of the same medicinal ingredient in comparable dosage as the Canadian Reference Product, that it is pharmacologically equivalent and that it has the same bio-availability as the Canadian Reference Product. [15] Thus, rather than making a direct assessment of the clinical safety or efficacy of its drug on the basis of clinical studies, a generic manufacturer uses the Canadian Reference Product to demonstrate the latter’s bio-equivalence to its own product. A typical ANDS will contain fewer volumes of data in comparison to the volumes of data filed in a NDS, ranging from a dozen to two dozen volumes. [16] Once satisfied, the Minister will issue a NOC to the generic manufacturer. The generic drug will also be listed as a Canada Reference Product and issued a DIN. [17] I now turn to a brief review of the relevant provisions of NAFTA and TRIPS. As I indicated earlier, the purpose of subsection 30(3) of the Act is to allow the Governor in Council to enact regulations so as to implement specified data protection provisions of both NAFTA and TRIPS. More particularly, the Governor in Council is authorized to make regulations that are deemed necessary for the purpose of implementing article 1711 of NAFTA or paragraph (3) of article 39 of TRIPS. [18] Article 1711 of NAFTA (which was signed on December 17, 1992), provides as follows: Article 1711: Trade Secrets 1. Each Party shall provide the legal means for any person to prevent trade secrets from being disclosed to, acquired by, or used by others without the consent of the person lawfully in control of the information in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices, in so far as: (a) the information is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components, generally known among or readily accessible to persons that normally deal with the kind of information in question; (b) the information has actual or potential commercial value because it is secret; and (c) the person lawfully in control of the information has taken reasonable steps under the circumstances to keep it secret. 2. A Party may require that to qualify for protection a trade secret must be evidenced in documents, electronic or magnetic means, optical discs, microfilms, films or other similar instruments. 3. No Party may limit the duration of protection for trade secrets, so long as the conditions in paragraph 1 exist. 4. No Party may discourage or impede the voluntary licensing of trade secrets by imposing excessive or discriminatory conditions on such licenses or conditions that dilute the value of the trade secrets. 5. If a Party requires, as a condition for approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or agricultural chemical products that utilize new chemical entities, the submission of undisclosed tests or other data necessary to determine whether the use of such products is safe and effective, the Party shall protect against disclosure of the data of persons making such submissions, where the origination of such data involves considerable effort, except where the disclosure is necessary to protect the public or unless steps are taken to ensure that the data is protected against unfair commercial use. 6. Each Party shall provide that for data subject to paragraph 5 that are submitted to the Party after the date of entry into force of this Agreement, no person other than the person that submitted them may, without the latter's permission, rely on such data in support of an application for product approval during a reasonable period of time after their submission. For this purpose, a reasonable period shall normally mean not less than five years from the date on which the Party granted approval to the person that produced the data for approval to market its product, taking account of the nature of the data and the person's efforts and expenditures in producing them. Subject to this provision, there shall be no limitation on any Party to implement abbreviated approval procedures for such products on the basis of bioequivalence and bioavailability studies. 7. Where a Party relies on a marketing approval granted by another Party, the reasonable period of exclusive use of the data submitted in connection with obtaining the approval relied on shall begin with the date of the first marketing approval relied on. [Emphasis added] Article 1711 : Secrets commerciaux 1. Chacune des Parties assurera à toute personne les moyens juridiques d'empêcher que des secrets commerciaux ne soient divulgués à des tiers, acquis ou utilisés par eux, sans le consentement de la personne licitement en possession de ces renseignements et d'une manière contraire aux pratiques commerciales honnêtes, dans la mesure où : a) les renseignements sont secrets, en ce sens que, dans leur globalité ou dans la configuration et l'assemblage exacts de leurs éléments, ils ne sont pas généralement connus de personnes appartenant aux milieux qui s'occupent normalement du genre de renseignements en question ou ne leur sont pas aisément accessibles; b) les renseignements ont une valeur commerciale, réelle ou potentielle, du fait qu'ils sont secrets; et c) la personne licitement en possession de ces renseignements a pris des dispositions raisonnables, compte tenu des circonstances, en vue de les garder secrets. 2. Une Partie pourra exiger que, pour faire l'objet d'une protection, un secret commercial soit établi par des documents, des médias électroniques ou magnétiques, des disques optiques, des microfilms, des films ou autres supports analogues. 3. Aucune des Parties ne pourra restreindre la durée de protection des secrets commerciaux tant que subsistent les conditions énoncées au paragraphe 1. 4. Aucune des Parties ne pourra entraver ou empêcher l'octroi de licences volontaires à l'égard de secrets commerciaux en imposant des conditions excessives ou discriminatoires à l'octroi de ces licences ou des conditions qui réduisent la valeur des secrets commerciaux. 5. Lorsqu'une Partie subordonne l'approbation de la commercialisation de produits pharmaceutiques ou de produits chimiques pour l'agriculture qui comportent des éléments chimiques nouveaux, à la communication de données non divulguées résultant d'essais ou d'autres données non divulguées nécessaires pour déterminer si l'utilisation de ces produits est sans danger et efficace, cette Partie protégera ces données contre toute divulgation, lorsque l'établissement de ces données demande un effort considérable, sauf si la divulgation est nécessaire pour protéger le public, ou à moins que des mesures ne soient prises pour s'assurer que les données sont protégées contre toute exploitation déloyale dans le commerce. 6. Chacune des Parties prévoira, en ce qui concerne les données visées au paragraphe 5 qui lui sont communiquées après la date d'entrée en vigueur du présent accord, que seule la personne qui les a communiquées peut, sans autorisation de cette dernière à autrui, utiliser ces données à l'appui d'une demande d'approbation de produit au cours d'une période de temps raisonnable suivant la date de leur communication. On entend généralement par période de temps raisonnable, une période d'au moins cinq années à compter de la date à laquelle la Partie en cause a donné son autorisation à la personne ayant produit les données destinées à faire approuver la commercialisation de son produit, compte tenu de la nature des données, ainsi que des efforts et des frais consentis par cette personne pour les produire. Sous réserve de cette disposition, rien n'empêchera une Partie d'adopter à l'égard de ces produits des procédures d'homologation abrégées fondées sur des études de bioéquivalence et de biodisponibilité. 7. Lorsqu'une Partie se fie à une approbation de commercialisation accordée par une autre Partie, la période raisonnable d'utilisation exclusive des données présentées en vue d'obtenir l'approbation en question commencera à la date de la première approbation de commercialisation. [Non souligné dans l’original] [19] After the signing of NAFTA, an earlier version of subsection 30(3) of the Act was brought into effect on January 1, 1994, and an earlier version of the Regulations – section C.08.004.1 (the “first DPR”) – was enacted (published in the Canada Gazette on June 9, 1995). [20] TRIPS was signed on April 15, 1994. This was approximately one year prior to the enactment of the first DPR. However, the earlier version of subsection 30(3) of the Act which delegated this power to the Governor in Council came into effect on January 1, 1994 and thus, made no mention of TRIPS until subsection 30(3) was amended, coming into force on January 1, 1996. [21] Article 39 of TRIPS, which reads as follows: Article 39 1. In the course of ensuring effective protection against unfair competition as provided in Article 10bis of the Paris Convention (1967), Members shall protect undisclosed information in accordance with paragraph 2 and data submitted to governments or governmental agencies in accordance with paragraph 3. 2. Natural and legal persons shall have the possibility of preventing information lawfully within their control from being disclosed to, acquired by, or used by others without their consent in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices (10) so long as such information: (a) is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components, generally known among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of information in question; (b) has commercial value because it is secret; and (c) has been subject to reasonable steps under the circumstances, by the person lawfully in control of the information, to keep it secret. 3. Members, when requiring, as a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or of agricultural chemical products which utilize new chemical entities, the submission of undisclosed test or other data, the origination of which involves a considerable effort, shall protect such data against unfair commercial use. In addition, Members shall protect such data against disclosure, except where necessary to protect the public, or unless steps are taken to ensure that the data are protected against unfair commercial use. [Emphasis added] Article 39 1. En assurant une protection effective contre la concurrence déloyale conformément à l'article 10bis de la Convention de Paris (1967), les Membres protégeront les renseignements non divulgués conformément au paragraphe 2 et les données communiquées aux pouvoirs publics ou à leurs organismes conformément au paragraphe 3. 2. Les personnes physiques et morales auront la possibilité d'empêcher que des renseignements licitement sous leur contrôle ne soient divulgués à des tiers ou acquis ou utilisés par eux sans leur consentement et d'une manière contraire aux usages commerciaux honnêtes , sous réserve que ces renseignements: a) soient secrets en ce sens que, dans leur globalité ou dans la configuration et l'assemblage exacts de leurs éléments, ils ne sont pas généralement connus de personnes appartenant aux milieux qui s'occupent normalement du genre de renseignements en question ou ne leur sont pas aisément accessibles; b) aient une valeur commerciale parce qu'ils sont secrets; et c) aient fait l'objet, de la part de la personne qui en a licitement le contrôle, de dispositions raisonnables, compte tenu des circonstances, destinées à les garder secrets. 3. Lorsqu'ils subordonnent l'approbation de la commercialisation de produits pharmaceutiques ou de produits chimiques pour l'agriculture qui comportent des entités chimiques nouvelles à la communication de données non divulguées résultant d'essais ou d'autres données non divulguées, dont l'établissement demande un effort considérable, les Membres protégeront ces données contre l'exploitation déloyale dans le commerce. En outre, les Membres protégeront ces donné es contre la divulgation, sauf si cela est nécessaire pour protéger le public, ou à moins que des mesures ne soient prises pour s'assurer que les données sont protégées contre l'exploitation déloyale dans le commerce. [Non souligné dans l’original] [22] The RIAS, under the heading of Background, explains the obligations which signatories to NAFTA and TRIPS have agreed to: Background The amendments to section C.08.004.1 of the Food and Drug Regulations are intended to clarify and effectively implement Canada’s North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) and the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS”) obligations with respect to the protection of undisclosed test or other data necessary to determine the safety and effectiveness of a pharmaceutical or agricultural product which utilizes a new chemical entity. The obligations in TRIPS require that signatories provide protection against the unfair commercial use of the data, whereas NAFTA requires that signatories provide a reasonable period of time during which a subsequent manufacturer is prohibited from relying on the originator’s data for product approval. The reasonable period of time is specified as normally not being less than five years from the date on which regulatory approval was granted to the originator of the data. In keeping with the provisions, the government has decided to provide this protection by allowing the innovator, or the originator of the data submitted for regulatory approval, to protect investments made in the development of the product by providing a period of market exclusivity. Contexte Les modifications à l’article C.08.004.1 le règlement visent à clarifier et à mettre en oeuvre, de façon efficace, les engagements du Canada en vertu de l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA) et les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (ADPIC) en matière de protection des données de tests non divulgués ou d’autres données nécessaires afin de déterminer l’innocuité et l’efficacité d’un produit pharmaceutique ou agricole qui comporte une nouvelle entité chimique. Les obligations prévues aux ADPIC exigent que les signataires fournissent une protection contre l’exploitation déloyale dans le commerce des données, alors que l’ALÉNA exige que les signataires prévoient une période raisonnable pendant laquelle aucun fabricant ultérieur n’est autorisé à se fonder sur les données du premier auteur pour obtenir l’approbation du produit. La période raisonnable est précisée et ne doit normalement pas être inférieure à cinq ans à partir de la date à laquelle la première approbation réglementaire a été accordée à l’auteur des données. Dans l’esprit de ces dispositions, le gouvernement a décidé d’accorder cette protection en permettant à l’innovateur ou au premier auteur des données soumises à l’approbation réglementaire de protéger l’investissement fait dans le développement du produit en prévoyant une période d’exclusivité du marché. [23] The first DPR was amended in 2006 to the version at issue in these proceedings (coming into force on October 5, 2006 with publication in the Canada Gazette on October 10, 2006). [24] Before turning to the Judge’s decision, it will be useful to say a few words concerning the decisions rendered by the Federal Court and this Court in Bayer v. Canada (Attorney General) (1998), 84 C.P.R. (3d) 129 (FC); affirmed (1999), 87 C.P.R. (3d) 293 (FCA); leave to appeal refused, [1999] S.C.C.A. No. 386 (SCC June 15, 2000) (“Bayer”), upon which the appellants rely in regard to one of the questions raised by the appeals. [25] In Bayer, the innovator brought a motion for a declaration that the first DPR provided a five-year protection period for innovators in respect of new drugs for which a NOC had been issued. The first DPR, under consideration in Bayer, read as follows: C.08.004.1 (1) Where a manufacturer files a new drug submission, an abbreviated new drug submission, a supplement to a new drug submission or a supplement to an abbreviated new drug submission for the purpose of establishing the safety and effectiveness of the new drug for which the submission or supplement is filed, and the Minister examines any information or material filed with the Minister, in a new drug submission, by the innovator of a drug that contains a chemical or biological substance not previously approved for sale in Canada as a drug, and the Minister, in support of the manufacturer’s submission or supplement, relies on data contained in the information or material filed by the innovator, the Minister shall not issue a notice of compliance in respect of that submission or supplement earlier than five years after the date of issuance to the innovator of the notice of compliance or approval to market that drug, as the case may be, issued on the basis of the information or material filed by the innovator for that drug. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply where the manufacturer of a new drug for which a notice of compliance was issued pursuant to section C.08.004 gives written permission to another manufacturer to rely on the test or other data filed in respect of that new drug. (3) Subsection (1) does not apply where the data relied upon by the Minister was contained in information or material filed by the innovator before January 1, 1994. [Emphasis added] C.08.004.1 (1) Lorsque le fabricant dépose une présentation de drogue nouvelle, une présentation abrégée de drogue nouvelle ou un supplément à l’une de ces présentations en vue de faire déterminer l’innocuité et l’efficacité de la drogue nouvelle qui en est l’objet, et que le ministre examine les renseignements et le matériel présentés, dans une présentation de drogue nouvelle, par l’innovateur d’une drogue contenant une substance chimique ou biologique dont la vente comme drogue n’a pas été préalablement approuvée au Canada et s’appuie sur les données y figurant pour étayer la présentation ou le supplément du fabricant, il ne peut délivrer un avis de conformité à l’égard de cette présentation ou de ce supplément avant l’expiration du délai de cinq ans suivant la date à laquelle est délivré à l’innovateur l’avis de conformité ou l’approbation de commercialiser cette drogue, selon le cas, d’après les renseignements ou le matériel présentés par lui pour cette drogue. (2) Le paragraphe (1) ne s’applique pas lorsque le fabricant d’une drogue nouvelle pour laquelle un avis de conformité a été délivré aux termes de l’article C.08.004 autorise par écrit un autre fabricant à se fonder sur les résultats d’essais ou d’autres données présentés au sujet de la drogue nouvelle. (3) Le paragraphe (1) ne s’applique pas lorsque les données sur lesquelles le ministre s’appuie étaient contenues dans les renseignements et le matériel présentés par l’innovateur avant le 1er janvier 1994. [Non souligné dans l’original] [26] The version of subsection 30(3) of the Act at the time of Bayer, read as follows: 30. … (3) Without limiting or restricting the authority conferred by any other provisions of this Act or any Part thereof for carrying into effect the purposes and provisions of this Act or any Part thereof, the Governor in Council may, for the purposes of implementing Article 1711 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, make regulations respecting the extent to which, if any, a person may, in seeking to establish the safety and effectiveness of a new drug for the purposes of any regulations made under subsection (1) or (2), rely on test or other data submitted by any other person to the Minister in accordance with such regulations. [Emphasis added] 30. … (3) Sans que soit limité le pouvoir conféré par toute autre disposition de la présente loi de prendre des règlements d’application de la présente loi ou d’une partie de celle-ci, le gouverneur en conseil peut, pour la mise en œuvre de l’article 1711 de l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, prendre des règlements prévoyant dans quelle mesure, s’il y a lieu, une personne peut, lorsqu’elle tente de déterminer la sûreté ou l’efficacité d’une drogue nouvelle, pour l’application des règlements pris en vertu des paragraphes (1) ou (2), se fonder sur des essais ou d’autres données présentés au ministre, conformément à ces règlements, par une autre personne. [Non souligné dans l’original] [27] Thus, the first DPR prohibited the Minister from issuing a NOC to a generic manufacturer for a period of “five years after the date of issuance to the innovator of the notice of compliance for approval to market” its new drug. However, this prohibition only applied in those instances where the Minister, in determining whether to issue a NOC to a generic manufacturer following the filing of an ANDS, examined “any information or material filed” with him in a NDS by an innovator of a drug and relied on the data contained in that information or material. [28] The main issue before both the Federal Court (Evans J., as he then was) and this Court in Bayer was whether the Minister, in examining an ANDS submitted by a generic manufacturer seeking approval of the safety and effectiveness of its new drug by comparing it to that of an innovator, examined and relied on the confidential detailed safety report and evidence of clinical effectiveness filed by the innovator with its NDS. Evans J. and this Court answered the question in the negative. Rothstein J.A. (as he then was) wrote the Reasons of this Court. He ma
Source: decisions.fca-caf.gc.ca
Klouvi c. Canada (Procureur général)
2024 CAF 80