Saskatchewan (Attorney General) v. Witchekan Lake First Nation

Saskatchewan (Attorney General) v. Witchekan Lake First Nation
Court (s) Database
Federal Court of Appeal Decisions
Date
2023-05-17
Neutral citation
2023 FCA 105
File numbers
A-359-21
Decision Content
Date: 20230517
Docket: A-359-21
Citation: 2023 FCA 105
CORAM:
RENNIE J.A.
MONAGHAN J.A.
ROUSSEL J.A.
BETWEEN:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING IN RIGHT OF SASKATCHEWAN
as represented by the ATTORNEY GENERAL OF SASKATCHEWAN
Appellant
and
WITCHEKAN LAKE FIRST NATION
and HIS MAJESTY THE KING IN RIGHT OF CANADA as represented by the
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA
Respondents
Heard at Regina, Saskatchewan, on October 26, 2022.
Judgment delivered at Ottawa, Ontario, on May 17, 2023.
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT BY:
RENNIE J.A.
CONCURRED IN BY:
MONAGHAN J.A.
ROUSSEL J.A.
Date: 20230517
Docket: A-359-21
Citation: 2023 FCA 105
CORAM:
RENNIE J.A.
MONAGHAN J.A.
ROUSSEL J.A.
BETWEEN:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING IN RIGHT OF SASKATCHEWAN
as represented by the ATTORNEY GENERAL OF SASKATCHEWAN
Appellant
and
WITCHEKAN LAKE FIRST NATION
and HIS MAJESTY THE KING IN RIGHT OF CANADA as represented by the
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA
Respondents
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
En
Blank/En blanc
Para.
I. The Saskatchewan Treaty Land Entitlement Framework Agreement
1
II. WLFN’s action against Saskatchewan and Canada
6
III. General principles on motions for summary judgment
22
IV. What constitutes a genuine issue
30
V. Rule 214 and the evidence before the Federal Court
42
(i) Reliance on evidence that might be adduced and might shed light on the Agreement
42
(ii) Evidence of surrounding circumstances does not require a trial
47
(iii) The evidence was already before the Court
54
VI. Implied Term – no genuine issue for trial
64
(i) Implied term – General Principles
64
(ii) The term sought to be implied
73
(iii) Efficacy and frustration
82
(iv) Inconsistent with express provisions in the Agreement
87
VII. Other asserted genuine issues
97
(i) Willing buyer/willing seller
97
(ii) The release provision
102
(iii) Favourable consideration
107
VIII. Miscellaneous issues
122
IX. Honour of the Crown / Reconciliation
127
RENNIE J.A.
I. The Saskatchewan Treaty Land Entitlement Framework Agreement [1] The failure of Canada to fully honour the terms of the historic treaties entered into with Indigenous Canadians has been well documented in decisions of this Court and others (Canada v. Jim Shot Both Sides, 2022 FCA 20, 468 D.L.R. (4th) 98, leave to appeal to SCC granted, 40153 (2 February 2023); Pasqua First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General), 2016 FCA 133, [2017] 3 F.C.R. 3 [Peigan 1]; Canada v. Long Plain First Nation, 2015 FCA 177, 388 D.L.R. (4th) 209 [Long Plain]; Canada v. Brokenhead First Nation, 2011 FCA 148, 419 N.R. 289; Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage), 2005 SCC 69, [2005] 3 S.C.R. 388; George Gordon First Nation v. Saskatchewan, 2022 SKCA 41, 2022 CarswellSask 136 (WL Can), leave to appeal to SCC refused, 40184 (16 March 2023) [George Gordon]; Goodswimmer v. Canada (Attorney General), 2017 ABCA 365, 418 D.L.R. (4th) 157, leave to appeal to SCC refused, 37899 (5 July 2018) [Goodswimmer]). For reasons ranging from indifference and error, to neglect and deceit, treaty commitments with respect to land entitlement were not always fully implemented. Treaties No. 4, 6 and 10 are cases in point.
[2] The 1992 Saskatchewan Treaty Land Entitlement Framework Agreement (Framework Agreement or Agreement)—a tripartite agreement between Canada, Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan First Nations—was designed to redress some of these breaches.
[3] Executed in 1992 by the Prime Minister, the Premier of Saskatchewan, the Chief of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations (the FSIN), the Treaty Commissioner of Saskatchewan, and the Chiefs of many Saskatchewan First Nations, the Framework Agreement establishes the process by which First Nations can purchase private, provincial and federal Crown lands to fulfil outstanding treaty land entitlement (TLE) obligations owed to Saskatchewan First Nations. The FSIN negotiated the Framework Agreement on behalf of 25 bands in Saskatchewan, including the respondent, Witchekan Lake First Nation (WLFN). Eight additional bands subsequently signed on, and four Saskatchewan bands are currently in negotiations of the band-specific agreements contemplated by the Agreement (WLFN executed its band-specific agreement in June 1993). The Agreement also committed Canada and Saskatchewan to provide financial assistance to the signatory First Nations in purchasing their TLE.
[4] Under the Agreement, over 877,000 acres of provincial Crown land have been acquired by bands and added to existing reserve lands. The vast majority of those lands carried with them Crown mineral rights. The respondent WLFN acquired all 7,923 acres of its TLE shortfall by 1998, and has acquired a further 8,310 acres since that time. Not all of the reserve lands that WLFN acquired under the Framework Agreement have been Crown lands; some 60% of its acquisitions were of private lands.
[5] Canada and Saskatchewan have paid “hundreds of millions of dollars” (Saskatchewan’s Memorandum of Fact and Law at para. 3) to facilitate acquisitions under the TLE agreements. Saskatchewan made its final payment to Canada in respect of its specific obligations to WLFN two decades ago, in 2003, and has paid approximately $273 million to Canada in full satisfaction of its obligations under the Agreement.
II. WLFN’s action against Saskatchewan and Canada [6] On July 22, 2016, Saskatchewan wrote to the Chief and Council of the WLFN advising of its intention to sell certain Crown lands. Entitled “Duty to Consult Notification of Proposed Sale of Vacant Crown Lands”, the letter indicated that the “[g]overnment [was] seeking to understand how [WLFN was] using this land to hunt, fish and trap for food and carry out traditional uses, and how the proposed decision [had] the potential to adversely impact the community’s rights and traditional uses.”
[7] The evidence is uncontroverted that no decision had been made to sell the land when the letter was sent, and that the lands would not have been sold pending the outcome of consultations had there been a response.
[8] WLFN did not respond to the letter.
[9] On January 26, 2017, Saskatchewan notified WLFN that it intended to sell further vacant Crown lands. No response was received. Later that same year, on September 15, 2017, Saskatchewan wrote again, this time to the FSIN, advising of an upcoming auction through which it intended to sell the lands. Again, no response was received.
[10] The auction commenced on October 23, 2017. The next day, WLFN wrote to Saskatchewan and requested to purchase three parcels of land that Saskatchewan intended to sell through the auction. Saskatchewan refused WLFN’s request on the basis that the three parcels had already been placed in the auction, and that costs had been incurred in relation to the auction sale.
[11] On January 19, 2018, Saskatchewan wrote to WLFN and advised that Saskatchewan intended to sell vacant Crown lands once more. On February 19, 2019, Saskatchewan sent an email to the FSIN stating that the province “wanted to ensure [the FSIN was] aware of Sask. Ag Crown Lands that are for sale through public auction in advance of the ‘go live’ date,” and that “[t]he auction [would open] on February 25, 2019.” Again, no response was received until two days after the auction had commenced, when WLFN wrote to Saskatchewan “selecting” its desired lands under the Agreement. Saskatchewan rejected WLFN’s mid-auction selection.
[12] In the letters of July 22, 2016, January 26, 2017, and January 19, 2018, Saskatchewan offered to discuss the proposed sale of vacant Crown lands with WLFN and invited a response by email or telephone.
[13] WLFN commenced an action in the Federal Court against Saskatchewan and Canada. It principally contended that the Framework Agreement included an implied term requiring Saskatchewan to provide notice of any impending auction and a reasonable opportunity to purchase lands before they were put up for auction. It claimed that in refusing to sell the lands to WLFN, Saskatchewan had frustrated the purpose of the Framework Agreement. WLFN also sought declarations that Saskatchewan and Canada were in breach of certain express terms of the Agreement. Relying on these asserted failures, WLFN sought consequential declarations and monetary relief against Canada.
[14] Saskatchewan moved for summary judgment dismissing WFLN’s statement of claim, arguing that the sought-after implied term contradicted the express terms of the Framework Agreement and that Saskatchewan had not frustrated the Framework Agreement. Saskatchewan argued that the issue before the Federal Court was a matter of contractual interpretation, that the evidentiary record before the Federal Court established every fact necessary to adjudicate the issue, and that none of these facts were in dispute. WLFN, on the other hand, argued that there were gaps in the evidence adduced by Saskatchewan such that a trial would be required to resolve the remaining issues.
[15] Canada filed no evidence in response to Saskatchewan’s motion for summary judgment, and instead relied on its written submissions on the motion (Reasons at para. 23).
[16] In its reasons, the Federal Court (2021 FC 1074, per Favel J.) considered Rule 215 of the Federal Courts Rules, S.O.R./98-106 (the Rules), as well as the criteria applicable to motions under this Rule that were first articulated by Mactavish J., as she then was, in Milano Pizza Ltd. v. 6034799 Canada Inc., 2018 FC 1112, 159 C.P.R. (4th) 275 at paragraphs 25-41 [Milano Pizza] and later recapitulated in Rallysport Direct LLC v. 2424508 Ontario Ltd., 2019 FC 1524, 315 A.C.W.S. (3d) 756 [Rallysport]. The Federal Court noted that Saskatchewan bore the burden of establishing the facts necessary for summary judgment, that WLFN bore the burden of proving a genuine issue for trial, and that both parties had to “put their best foot forward” on the motion (Reasons at para. 27, citing Gemak Trust v. Jempak Corporation, 2020 FC 644, 174 C.P.R. (4th) 176 at para. 133).
[17] The judge dismissed the motion. He determined that “Saskatchewan ha[d] not met its onus under Rule 215 and the legal principles set forth in [Rallysport],” whereas “WLFN ha[d] established that there [was] a genuine issue for trial” (Reasons at para. 40). The reasons turn on the judge’s conclusion that Saskatchewan had not submitted a “complete record of the surrounding circumstances known to [the] parties at the time that the Framework Agreement was executed” (Reasons at para. 43), and that “it would be unjust to make factual findings based on the limited affidavit evidence and cross-examination transcripts provided” (Reasons at para. 45).
[18] The Attorney General of Saskatchewan appeals and asks that this Court set aside the Federal Court’s order and grant its application for summary judgment. The Attorney General of Canada advised, in a letter to the Court dated April 4, 2022, that it “does not advocate for a given disposition of this appeal” and therefore would not be presenting written or oral submissions before this Court. The Attorney General did, however, make written submissions to the Federal Court on his understanding of the operation of the Agreement (Appeal Book at 822-833). As I will explain later, the Attorney General’s analysis and understanding of the Agreement and its operation aligns with the Attorney General of Saskatchewan’s.
[19] Appeals from judgments and orders of the Federal Court are reviewed on the appellate standard of review. Questions of law are reviewable on a correctness basis and questions of fact and of mixed fact and law are reviewable on the basis of palpable and overriding error (Housen v. Nikolaisen, 2002 SCC 33, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 235). Whether the Federal Court identified the correct legal test or properly instructed itself on the law is assessed on a correctness basis. Whether the Federal Court erred in concluding that there was no genuine issue requiring a trial is a question of mixed fact and law that must be reviewed on the standard of palpable and overriding error (Hryniak v. Mauldin, 2014 SCC 7, [2014] 1 S.C.R. 87 at para. 81 [Hryniak]).
[20] For the reasons that follow, I would allow the appeal, set aside the order of the Federal Court, and grant the motion for summary judgment. The Federal Court erred in its understanding of the Rules and jurisprudence, including that of the Supreme Court of Canada, with respect to summary judgment. With respect to the merits of the motion, there is no foundation, in law or in the evidence, to grant the declarations sought by WLFN. The declarations are not necessary to make the Agreement efficacious; they also collide, directly, with express terms of the Agreement. To imply the terms sought would result in a very different Agreement from that negotiated by the parties.
[21] Before setting forth my analysis, it is important to be clear on what this appeal is about and what it is not about. This appeal is not about whether the Crown in right of Saskatchewan has discharged its duty to consult with respect to the sale of public lands. The jurisprudence with respect to the process and content of meaningful consultation was not argued before us, nor does WLFN contest the adequacy of the notices received. Rather, this appeal is about WLFN’s pursuit of an implied term: a right to receive notice of an intention to sell coupled with a right to purchase the lands in respect of which the notice has been sent.
III. General principles on motions for summary judgment [22] The Federal Court, and both parties to this appeal, rely on the following summary of principles relevant to motions for summary judgment (Rallysport at para. 42):
In Milano Pizza, Mactavish J (as she then was) thoroughly canvassed the law of summary judgment as applied to the Federal Courts following the Supreme Court’s decision in Hryniak, above: Milano Pizza, above at paras 24-41. These principles are as follows:
A. The purpose of summary judgment is to allow the Court to (i) dispense summarily with an action if there is no genuine issue to be tried, (ii) conserve scarce judicial resources, and (iii) improve access to justice: Milano Pizza, above at para 25.
B. Summary judgment rules must be interpreted broadly, favouring proportionality and fair access to affordable, timely and just adjudication; to be “fair and just” the process “must permit a judge to find the facts necessary to resolve the dispute and to apply the relevant legal principles to the facts as found”: Milano Pizza, above at para 29, citing Hryniak, above at paras 5 and 28.
C. The test of whether no genuine issue for trial exists is whether the case is so doubtful that it does not deserve consideration by the trier of fact at a future trial; or, alternatively, whether there is “no legal basis” to the claim based on the law or the evidence brought forward. It is not restricted to the “clearest of cases”: Milano Pizza, above at paras 31 and 33, citing Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Campbell, 2014 FC 40 at para 14, Itv Technologies Inc. v Wic Television, 2001 FCA 11 at paras 4-6, Premakumaran v Canada, 2006 FCA 213 at paras 9-11; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Schneeberger, 2003 FC 970 at para 17; Manitoba v Canada, 2015 FCA 57 at para 15-16; and Burns Bog Conservation Society v Canada, 2014 FCA 170 at paras 35-36.
D. Where the necessary facts cannot be found to resolve the dispute fairly and justly, or where it would be unjust to make a finding on those facts alone, summary judgment should not be granted: Milano Pizza, above at paras 29 and 36, citing Hryniak, above at para 28.
E. It would be unjust to make a finding on the facts alone where issues were not raised by one party, as doing so would preclude them from knowing the case to meet: Milano Pizza, above at paras 107-108 and 112, citing Albian Sands Energy Inc. v Positive Attitude Safety System Inc., 2005 FCA 332 [Albian Sands] at para 45.
F. Issues of credibility should not be decided on a motion for summary judgment. Observing live testimony and cross-examination often places a judge in a better position to draw appropriate inferences, and to weigh evidence, than can be done on affidavit evidence alone: Milano Pizza, above at paras 37-38, citing TPG Technology Consulting Ltd. v Canada, 2013 FCA 183 at para 3; Newman v Canada, 2016 FCA 213 at para 57; Suntec Environmental Inc. v Trojan Technologies, Inc., 2004 FCA 140 [Suntec] at paras 20, 28-29; MacNeil Estate v Canada (Department of Indian and Northern Affairs), 2004 FCA 50 at para 38.
G. Not all conflicting evidence will raise credibility issues and preclude summary judgment. Courts should “take a hard look at the merits of the case” to determine if credibility issues need be resolved: Milano Pizza, above at para 39, citing Granville Shipping Co. v Pegasus Lines Ltd. SA, 1996 CanLII 4027 (FC) at para 7.
H. The effect of granting summary judgment will be to preclude a party from presenting any evidence at trial; in other words, the unsuccessful party will lose its day in court: Milano Pizza, above at para 40, citing Apotex Inc. v Merck & Co. Inc., 2004 FC 314 at para 12, aff’d 2004 FCA 298.
[23] The bar to be met by the moving party on a motion for summary judgment is high (Canada (Attorney General) v. Lameman, 2008 SCC 14, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 372 at para. 11 [Lameman]). It must show that no genuine issue for trial exists (CanMar Foods Ltd. v. TA Foods Ltd., 2021 FCA 7, [2021] 1 F.C.R. 799 at para. 27 [CanMar]). If the moving party meets this threshold, then “the evidentiary burden falls on the responding party, who cannot rest on its pleadings and must come up with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial” (CanMar at para. 27). While both parties must “put [their] best foot forward” in establishing that no genuine issue for trial exists (Lameman at para. 11), a responding party may do so by identifying gaps in the moving party’s evidence that can only be addressed by evidence at trial (Apotex Inc. v. Merck & Co. Inc., 2004 FC 314, 248 F.T.R. 82 at para. 28 [Apotex FC], aff’d 2004 FCA 298).
[24] However, and importantly for the purposes of this appeal, “[a] summary judgment motion cannot be defeated by vague references to what may be adduced in the future, if the matter is allowed to proceed” (Lameman at para. 19). The point was also made in CanMar that a party must come up with “specific facts” to establish a genuine issue for trial (CanMar at para. 27). This principle is expressly codified in Rule 214:
A response to a motion for summary judgment shall not rely on what might be adduced as evidence at a later stage in the proceedings. It must set out specific facts and adduce the evidence showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.
La réponse à une requête en jugement sommaire ne peut être fondée sur un élément qui pourrait être produit ultérieurement en preuve dans l’instance. Elle doit énoncer les faits précis et produire les éléments de preuve démontrant l’existence d’une véritable question litigieuse.
[25] I note that Lameman addressed the question of whether limitations legislation barred an Indigenous band’s claim against the Crown for breach of fiduciary duty. The Supreme Court of Canada was clear that there are no special rules or exceptions to the use of summary judgment simply because Indigenous issues are involved (Lameman at para. 19).
[26] I conclude this review of the principles governing summary judgment by noting that, in the decision under appeal, the Federal Court relied on Ochapowace v. Canada, 2019 FC 1288, [2019] F.C.J. No. 1619 (QL) [Ochapowace] in support of its conclusion that whether the Framework Agreement contained an implied term was an issue to be resolved at trial (Reasons at para. 52). It erred in so doing. Ochapowace involved a motion to strike, not a motion for summary judgment. This is a distinction with consequences.
[27] While the reasons a court gives on a motion to strike may inform the consideration of a subsequent motion for summary judgment (Apotex FC at para. 19), the two types of relief are fundamentally different. On a motion to strike under Rule 221(1)(a), a court will take the facts pleaded as true, whereas a court hearing a summary judgment motion will determine the outcome based on the evidence tendered (Cabral v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2018 FCA 4, 56 Imm. L.R. (4th) 175 at para. 50). Further, motions to strike require courts to measure the merits of a claim against a low legal threshold, whereas motions for summary judgment require courts to decide whether there is a genuine legal basis for the claim based on the law and evidence (Hryniak at para. 66).
[28] Unlike a motion to strike, a motion for summary judgment requires a judge to weigh the parties’ arguments and evidence to determine whether there is a genuine issue that can only be resolved at trial. That is the raison d’être of the rule. Again, in contrast to the motion to strike that was before the Federal Court in Ochapowace, the judge here had the parties’ best evidence and best arguments on the merits of their respective positions regarding the question of whether a genuine issue for trial existed.
[29] To conclude on this point, the dismissal of a motion to strike an action asserting the existence of an implied term in the Agreement does not necessarily lead to the conclusion on a motion for summary judgment that the question is both genuine and in need of a trial for its resolution.
IV. What constitutes a genuine issue [30] Rule 215 must be interpreted and applied consistently with the objectives in Rule 3 (ViiV Healthcare Company v. Gilead Sciences Canada, Inc., 2021 FCA 122, 460 D.L.R. (4th) 272 at para. 37 [ViiV Healthcare]). Rule 3 seeks to “secure the just, most expeditious and least expensive outcome of every proceeding,” and to do so in a manner proportionate to the proceeding’s complexity, the importance of the issues involved, and the amount in dispute.
[31] Rule 215 provides that the Federal Court shall grant summary judgment where it is satisfied that there is no genuine issue for trial with respect to a claim or defence. There is no genuine issue for trial where the judge has the evidence required to fairly and justly adjudicate the dispute on a summary basis, i.e., where the process allows the judge to make the necessary findings of fact, allows the judge to apply the law to the facts, and is a proportionate, more expeditious and less expensive means to achieve a just result (Hryniak at paras. 49 and 66; ViiV Healthcare at paras. 32-34; see also Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Canada St. Mary Cathedral v. Aga, 2021 SCC 22 at para. 25 [Aga] and Manitoba v. Canada, 2015 FCA 57, 470 N.R. 187 at para. 11 [Manitoba]).
[32] Put another way, a case ought not to proceed to trial, with the consequences that would follow for the parties and the costs involved for the administration of justice, unless there is a genuine issue that can only be resolved through the full apparatus of a trial (CanMar at para. 24). Even if there is a genuine issue of fact or law for trial with respect to a claim or defence, the Court may nevertheless determine that issue by way of summary trial (Rule 215(3)). In such cases, judges have greater powers to decide disputed questions of fact (Manitoba at para. 16; Milano Pizza at para. 32).
[33] Summary judgment has been refused where there are issues of fact that cannot be resolved on the basis of the affidavits and cross-examinations. I note, however, that complicated and important cases, constitutional and otherwise, often proceed by way of applications and affidavit evidence alone. The critical point is not whether the legal issue is important, but whether the matter presents credibility concerns or complex evidence that can only be adequately appreciated by means of a trial (Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co. v. Novopharm Ltd., 132 F.T.R. 307, 1997 CanLII 17736 (FC) at para. 24; Brown v. Canada, 2014 FC 831, 252 A.C.W.S. (3d) 320 at paras. 47 and 114, rev’d on other grounds 2016 FCA 37; Garford Pty Ltd. v. Dywidag Systems International, Canada, Ltd., 2010 FC 996, 375 F.T.R. 38 at para. 10, aff'd 2012 FCA 48).
[34] The mere fact that a summary judgment motion might have broader implications is not a ground for refusing it. Matters with legal, social and economic dimensions have been determined by way of summary judgment. For example, the Supreme Court has upheld or restored orders granting summary judgment in cases that required examination of the scope of Crown copyright (Keatley Surveying Ltd. v. Teranet Inc., 2019 SCC 43, [2019] 3 S.C.R. 418), the duty of care that a manufacturer owes franchisees when supplying food products (1688782 Ontario Inc. v. Maple Leaf Foods Inc., 2020 SCC 35, 450 D.L.R. (4th) 181), the legal implications of membership in a religious association (Aga), and the degree of knowledge required to discover a claim and thereby trigger a limitation period (Grant Thornton LLP v. New Brunswick, 2021 SCC 31, 461 D.L.R. (4th) 613).
[35] Hryniak marked a departure from the pre-existing approach to summary judgment, in which courts had found that it was not fair and just to grant summary judgment unless the facts were incontrovertible and the ultimate trial outcome was obvious. Echos of that old approach are still heard today. However, the standard for granting summary judgment now requires that the judge have sufficient confidence in the state of the record that he or she is prepared to exercise judicial discretion to resolve the dispute (Hryniak at para. 57; Weir-Jones Technical Services Incorporated v. Purolator Courier Ltd., 2019 ABCA 49, 86 Alta. L.R. (6th) 240 at para. 47 [Weir-Jones]; Hannam v. Medicine Hat School District No. 76, 2020 ABCA 343, 15 Alta. L.R. (7th) 213 at paras. 12 and 135, leave to appeal to SCC refused, 39442 (18 March 2021)).
[36] Broader public policy considerations are also in play. The Supreme Court has observed that summary judgment rules lighten the burden on parties to the litigation and to the justice system as whole (Lameman at para. 10):
The summary judgment rule serves an important purpose in the civil litigation system. It prevents claims or defences that have no chance of success from proceeding to trial. Trying unmeritorious claims imposes a heavy price in terms of time and cost on the parties to the litigation and on the justice system. It is essential to the proper operation of the justice system and beneficial to the parties that claims that have no chance of success be weeded out at an early stage. Conversely, it is essential to justice that claims disclosing real issues that may be successful proceed to trial.
[37] It is in this spirit that this Court has noted that judges have a responsibility to ensure that the publicly funded judicial process is used to its greatest efficiency (Canada v. Olumide, 2017 FCA 42, [2018] 2 F.C.R. 328 at paras. 17-20; ViiV Healthcare at para. 24). The Court of Appeal of Alberta has made similar remarks (Stoney Tribal Council v. Canadian Pacific Railway, 2017 ABCA 432, 66 Alta. L.R. (6th) 33 at para. 77). Allowing a case to proceed to trial that could be decided by summary judgment delays the hearing of a case that does require a trial. Litigants do not have a right of access to all stages of the litigation process, nor do they presumptively have a right to a trial (Stoney Tribal Council at para. 79, citing O’Hanlon Paving Ltd. v. Serengetti Developments Ltd., 2013 ABQB 428, 91 Alta. L.R. (5th) 1 at para. 33). Judges’ responsibility in this regard, together with the call for judicial confidence in Hryniak, frames the approach to summary judgment motions.
[38] The determination of whether a genuine issue for trial exists must, either explicitly or implicitly, follow a certain analytical path. The legal issues in dispute and their associated evidentiary requirements must be identified. The factual issues in dispute must then be extracted and assessed in light of their relevancy to the legal issues. Only when these questions have been answered can the sufficiency of the motion record be assessed. As I will canvass in the course of these reasons, no genuine issue, procedural or substantive, has been identified that requires the question raised in the motion for summary judgment to go to trial.
[39] Issues of credibility are generally not to be decided on motions for summary judgment; a judge who hears and observes witnesses giving evidence orally will often be better positioned to assess witnesses’ credibility than a judge who has only affidavits and documentary evidence before them (Gemak Trust v. Jempak Corporation, 2022 FCA 141, 196 C.P.R. (4th) 215 at para. 68 [Gemak]).
[40] Credibility disputes do not, however, presumptively defeat a motion for summary judgment. The Court may grant summary judgment even where an apparent conflict in the evidence exists, if a “hard look” at the merits of the case indicates that the credibility issue need not be resolved to dispose of the matter (Gemak at para. 72). Indeed, to dismiss a motion for summary judgment, the disputed facts or credibility issues must be relevant to an issue that needs to be determined. Some credibility disputes can be settled on the face of the record and, where a live issue remains, the motions judge can direct a summary trial on that issue alone (Rule 215(3)(a)). It is not necessary to leap to the conclusion that a full trial is required when in fact only narrow or singular issues are contested.
[41] Turning to the case at hand, the statement of claim filed by WLFN asserts that the Agreement contains implied terms necessary to render it efficacious and without which the Agreement is frustrated. Consideration of whether a genuine issue for trial exists begins with an appreciation of the legal content of these doctrines; implied terms, contract efficacy and frustration, and what they require by way of evidence. As the Federal Court did not analyze the legal requirements of the issues—and in particular, the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court on implied terms, contract efficacy, and frustration—no decision could be made whether there was a genuine issue for trial.
V. Rule 214 and the evidence before the Federal Court (i) Reliance on evidence that might be adduced and might shed light on the Agreement [42] In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence adduced by Saskatchewan, the Federal Court noted that individuals who observed the negotiations leading to the execution of the Framework Agreement “may have relevant evidence to provide with respect to the surrounding circumstances,” and that the individual Chiefs who signed the Framework Agreement “may be available to provide some additional insight into the process and discussions leading to the signing of the Framework Agreement” (Reasons at para. 43; emphasis added).
[43] This was an error.
[44] Supreme Court jurisprudence, jurisprudence of this Court, and the express requirements of Rule 214 preclude consideration of “what might be adduced as evidence at a later stage in the proceedings.” On a motion for summary judgment, a judge is limited to assessing the evidence on the record and is not to proceed on the basis of potential evidence that might exist beyond the motion (Lameman at para. 19).
[45] The Federal Court dismissed Saskatchewan’s motion for summary judgment on the basis of what it described as a lack of information about the surrounding circumstances that existed when the Agreement was executed. However, the judge did not identify any specific evidentiary element in this additional factual matrix that was missing. While the Federal Court did not accept Saskatchewan’s evidence as a complete record, it did not identify the nature of any further evidence that it required, nor how that evidence might be relevant. Nor did the Court identify an ambiguity in the Framework Agreement that required clarification through contextual evidence. It instead found Saskatchewan’s evidence to be incomplete on the basis that additional relevant evidence might arise at trial through witnesses who might be available to the parties. I emphasize the layers of speculation in this reasoning.
[46] The judge assumed that other evidence might be attainable, reliable, admissible, and relevant, and therefore that the record was insufficient. This assumption was not one that the judge could legally make, nor, in any event, was it one that was open to him in light of the evidence before him.
(ii) Evidence of surrounding circumstances does not require a trial [47] The judge found that none of the witnesses who filed affidavits on the motion had direct knowledge of the negotiations, and therefore only a trial could provide the additional factual matrix necessary to resolve the legal issues (Reasons at para. 45).
[48] The judge also referenced generic witnesses who might have evidence to give. There was no evidence of who the phantom witnesses might be, whether they were still alive, the role they had in the negotiations, and how their recollection, today, might shed light on either of the main questions at the heart of the motion: whether a term should be implied into the Agreement or how the express terms of the Agreement should be interpreted. Rather, the judge’s reasons pivot on the conclusion that, as the purpose of the Framework Agreement was to remedy treaty commitments, and as the Agreement developed from complex negotiations, a “full trial [was] needed to interpret [the Agreement]” and “may” give rise to “gaps” in the evidence (Reasons at paras. 64-65).
[49] This latter comment is telling. It is an admission that while no further relevant evidence has in fact been specifically identified, maybe, in the course of a trial, it might appear.
[50] This approach to summary judgment collides with the overarching objective of the Rules, which is to ensure that disputes are resolved as expeditiously and inexpensively as possible. It also diverges from the express requirements of Rule 215 and the guidance of the Supreme Court in Hryniak and Lameman regarding summary judgment’s role in streamlining the litigation process where possible (Hryniak at para. 27; Lameman at para. 10). It is an error of law to defer making a final determination due to speculation that additional evidence might arise during a trial. This reticence is precisely what Rule 3, Hryniak, and Lameman seek to eliminate.
[51] The issue is whether the record is sufficient to allow the fair and just adjudication of the matter. This standard aligns with the guidance of Hryniak, which calls for judicial confidence instead of judicial certainty (Hryniak at para. 50). The Federal Court failed to consider this standard, along with its underpinning principles of proportionality and economy, in dealing with the motion for summary judgment before it.
[52] To dismiss a motion for summary judgment on the possibility that something might show up at trial undermines the culture shift toward proportionate adjudication processes endorsed in Hryniak at paragraphs 2 and 28. As the Court of Appeal of Alberta wrote, “[p]resuming that summary disposition will always be ‘unjust’ unless it meets some high standard of irrefutability defeats the whole concept of the ‘culture shift’ [towards alternative forums of adjudication] mandated by Hryniak v. Mauldin” (Weir-Jones at para. 25). I agree with the Court of Appeal of Alberta that imposing standards like “high likelihood of success” or “obvious” or “unassailable” is inconsistent with the purposes of summary judgment motions (Weir-Jones at para. 33). A disposition does not have to be beyond doubt to be fair. Perfection in the record is not the standard.
[53] I turn to the third error.
(iii) The evidence was already before the Court [54] Again, the Federal Court speculated that witnesses, observers and signatories to the Agreement might be able to shed light on the meaning of the Agreement’s terms (Reasons at para. 43). To the extent that this evidence might be relevant and admissible, it was already in the hands of WLFN itself.
[55] Chief Mike Fineday and Mr. Ron Fineday attended the plenary negotiations on behalf of WLFN, and the former signed the Framework Agreement on behalf of WLFN; neither provided an affidavit in response to Saskatchewan’s motion. Notably, Heather Bear, who did swear an affidavit on behalf of WLFN, was the Vice Chief of the FSIN, which was the principal signatory to the Agreement. If the observers to the negotiations had something relevant to say with respect to the existence of a genuine issue, the motion was the time to say so. As this Court has said, the responding party must “lead trump or risk losing” (Gemak at para. 67).
[56] Hryniak and Rule 214 prohibit a party from simultaneously contending that there is a genuine issue for trial while not disclosing evidence that supports the argument. This is precisely what WLFN did here. I note as well that WLFN only cross-examined two of the four Saskatchewan affiants.
[57] As I have noted, the Federal Court concluded that there was a “gap” in Saskatchewan’s evidence relating to the circumstances surrounding the Framework Agreement’s execution (Reasons at paras. 64-66). According to the Federal Court, as the purpose of the Agreement was to remedy broken treaty promises related to outstanding TLE claims (Reasons at para. 66), a trial was necessary to fill gaps in the evidence concerning the negotiations.
[58] The purpose and objective of the Framework Agreement in satisfying treaty obligations is well known and understood. Treaty No. 6 required Canada to set aside “one square mile for each family of five, or in that proportion for larger or smaller families”; however, the land set aside did not fulfil the Crown’s obligations. This outstanding obligation was recognized in the 1930 Canada-Saskatchewan Natural Resources Transfer Agreement (Schedule 3 of Constitution Act, 1930 (U.K.), 20-21 George V, c. 26, reprinted in R.S.C. 1985, Appendix II, No. 26). Saskatchewan had an obligation to Canada to facilitate the transfer of what were to become provincial Crown lands to Canada. The Preamble to the Framework Agreement notes that these mutual obligations would be satisfied by the Agreement’s terms.
[59] WLFN’s statement of claim also describes the context giving rise to the Framework Agreement, and the affidavits filed by WLFN itself on the motion further recount the events leading up to the implementation of the Framework Agreement (Bear Affidavit at paras. 3-7; Wendy Jim Affidavit at paras. 4-8).
[60] In addition to the evidence filed by both Saskatchewan and WLFN, the historical context, purpose, and mechanics of the Framework Agreement have been extensively considered by three appellate courts: by this Court in Peigan 1, Long Plain, and Saskatchewan (Attorney General) v. Pasqua First Nation, 2018 FCA 141 [Peigan 2]; by the Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan in the recent scholarly analysis in George Gordon; and by the Court of Appeal of Alberta in Goodswimmer. In sum, the “gap” in the evidence of the Agreement’s “surrounding circumstances” evidence urged by WLFN and accepted by the Federal Court was not a gap at all.
[61] Further, the Treaty Commissioner’s Report and Recommendations on Treaty Land Entitlement is the seminal document that motivated the Framework Agreement and informed both the content of the Framework Agreement and the mechanisms necessary to achieve its objectives. So too was the document entitled Chiefs Policy Committee: Principles in the Settlement of Treaty Land Entitlements in Saskatchewan. In this latter document, the FSIN established its specific land acquisition objectives, described how they were to be achieved, and identified potential issues that might arise during the negotiations. Both of these