Canada (Attorney General) v. Ader
Source text
Canada (Attorney General) v. Ader Court (s) Database Federal Court Decisions Date 2017-09-25 Neutral citation 2017 FC 838 File numbers DES-4-17 Decision Content |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| VERSION 1A Date: 20170925 Docket: DES-4-17 Citation: 2017 FC 838 Ottawa, Ontario, September 25, 2017 PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Gleeson BETWEEN: ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA Applicant and ALI OMAR ADER Respondent AMENDED JUDGMENT AND REASONS I. Introduction [1] The Attorney General of Canada brings this Application pursuant to section 38.04 of the Canada Evidence Act, RSC 1985, c C-5 [CEA] seeking an order confirming the statutory prohibition of disclosure of sensitive or potentially injurious information in the prosecution of Ali Omar Ader. Mr. Ader is a citizen of Somalia who has been charged with the criminal offence of hostage-taking contrary to section 279.1(2) of the Criminal Code. The charge arises out of the kidnapping of a Canadian freelance journalist in Somalia in 2008. [2] The Application has been heard in camera and ex parte. The Court has appointed an amicus curiae, Mr. Ian Carter, who has participated in the proceedings. II. History of the Proceedings [3] In August 2008, Ms. Amanda Lindhout, a Canadian citizen, and Mr. Nigel Brennan, a citizen of Australia, were abducted in Somalia where they were working as freelance journalists. The Crown alleges the hostage-takers sought the payment of a ransom and the pair was held until November 2009, a total of 15 months in …
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Canada (Attorney General) v. Ader Court (s) Database Federal Court Decisions Date 2017-09-25 Neutral citation 2017 FC 838 File numbers DES-4-17 Decision Content |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| VERSION 1A Date: 20170925 Docket: DES-4-17 Citation: 2017 FC 838 Ottawa, Ontario, September 25, 2017 PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Justice Gleeson BETWEEN: ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA Applicant and ALI OMAR ADER Respondent AMENDED JUDGMENT AND REASONS I. Introduction [1] The Attorney General of Canada brings this Application pursuant to section 38.04 of the Canada Evidence Act, RSC 1985, c C-5 [CEA] seeking an order confirming the statutory prohibition of disclosure of sensitive or potentially injurious information in the prosecution of Ali Omar Ader. Mr. Ader is a citizen of Somalia who has been charged with the criminal offence of hostage-taking contrary to section 279.1(2) of the Criminal Code. The charge arises out of the kidnapping of a Canadian freelance journalist in Somalia in 2008. [2] The Application has been heard in camera and ex parte. The Court has appointed an amicus curiae, Mr. Ian Carter, who has participated in the proceedings. II. History of the Proceedings [3] In August 2008, Ms. Amanda Lindhout, a Canadian citizen, and Mr. Nigel Brennan, a citizen of Australia, were abducted in Somalia where they were working as freelance journalists. The Crown alleges the hostage-takers sought the payment of a ransom and the pair was held until November 2009, a total of 15 months in captivity. Mr. Ader is alleged to have acted as the negotiator for the hostage-taking group and to have used several aliases in the course of the alleged offence including: (a) Ali ADEER; (b) Adam; (c) Adan; (d) And; (e) Adan Nur SAID (a.k.a. SIYAD); (f) Adan Abdulle OSMAN; (g) Cali Cummar ADEER; and (h) A/Salah Farah Nur. [4] A Royal Canadian Mounted Police [RCMP] investigation (Project Slype) was commenced with the Australian Federal Police [AFP] in response to the kidnapping and a number of other Canadian agencies were involved. There was close cooperation and the sharing of information with Australian authorities. The evidence indicates that the focus of the RCMP investigation between August 2008 and November 2009 was the release of Ms. Lindhout. |||||||||| foreign law enforcement, |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| also contributed to efforts to secure Ms. Lindhout’s release by sharing information with their Canadian partner agencies. |||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| [5] The RCMP investigation continued subsequent to Ms. Lindhout’s release. It was this ongoing investigation that resulted in the 2015 arrest of Mr. Ader in Ottawa. Mr. Ader is currently in custody awaiting trial. His trial is scheduled to commence on October 2, 2017, before the Superior Court of Justice of Ontario in Ottawa. [6] In pursuing the prosecution of Mr. Ader, the Public Prosecution Service of Canada [PPSC] is required to disclose all relevant information in its possession and control, subject to any lawful privilege (R. v Stinchcombe, [1991] 3 SCR 326, 68 CCC (3d) 1 [Stinchcombe] at pages 338-39, and 343). On November 30, 2016, the PPSC provided notice to the Attorney General that it believed sensitive or potentially injurious information, as defined in section 38 of the CEA, was contained in 29 documents that were subject to PPSC’s disclosure obligations. In March 2017, the Attorney General authorized the disclosure of information in 8 of the 29 documents. [7] On April 28, 2017, the Attorney General commenced this application seeking an order confirming the prohibition of disclosure of information in the 21 remaining documents. On May 5, 2017, Justice Simon Noël ordered that Ali Omar Ader be named as a respondent, that the Notice of Application be so amended and that a copy of the Amended Notice of Application be served on Mr. Ader or his counsel in the underlying criminal proceeding. [8] On May 11, 2017, the PPSC served the Attorney General with a second notice pursuant to section 38 of the CEA. This second notice resulted in the Attorney General identifying an additional 385 documents as containing sensitive or potentially injurious information that should be protected from disclosure. The initial 21 documents were filed with this Court on May 11, 2017. The remaining 385 documents were filed on June 29, 2017. [9] On May 17, 2017, Justice Noël appointed Mr. Ian Carter as amicus curiae for the purpose of assisting the court in the performance of its obligations under section 38 of the CEA. On June 26, 2017, having been assigned to this case by the Chief Justice, I issued an order establishing a schedule to prepare for the hearing of the application. Due to the volume of the information involved and the short time remaining before the scheduled commencement of the respondent’s criminal trial, I ordered that counsel for the Attorney General and the amicus engage in a pre-hearing review of all documents for the purpose of narrowing the section 38 claims. [10] Prior to being provided access to the protected documents the amicus was permitted to communicate with the parties, including the respondent, to gain an understanding of the parties’ areas of interest and to assist with the review of the documents. In a public hearing involving Mr. Ader’s counsel on June 29, 2017, his counsel advised the Court that some of the anticipated defences were known to the PPSC. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| [11] In the course of the public hearing on June 29, 2017, I offered Mr. Ader’s counsel the opportunity to be heard in an in camera and ex parte hearing. After consideration, Mr. Ader’s counsel requested the hearing for the purpose of providing an overview of the defence theory of the case to assist the Court and the amicus in assessing the potential relevance of the information subject to the section 38 claim. This in camera and ex parte hearing took place in the presence of the amicus on July 10, 2017. The understanding gained in the course of this hearing proved to be of value when applying the third step of the test articulated in Ribic v Canada (Attorney General), 2003 FCA 246, [2005] 1 FCR 33 [Ribic], addressed later in these reasons. [12] An in camera and ex parte hearing was held in Ottawa on August 28 and 30, 2017. The Attorney General filed five top secret affidavits in support of the application for non-disclosure. The affiants each represent a department or agency that has identified information to be protected from disclosure. Three of the affiants provided viva voce evidence on August 28, 2017. The three witnesses were subject to cross-examination by the amicus. The Attorney General prepared written submissions after the hearing of the evidence and the amicus relied on previously filed submissions in making his oral submissions. Oral submissions were heard on August 30, 2017. A. The documents [13] In addition to the RCMP, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service [CSIS or the Service], the Communications Security Establishment [CSE], Global Affairs Canada [GAC], and the Department of National Defence and Canadian Armed Forces [DND] were involved in the Canadian response to the kidnapping. [14] As a result of their involvement, each of these agencies has identified information to be protected from disclosure. Various forms of harm or injury have been identified and relied on to justify protecting the information. The different harms have been assigned a colour code. The colour coding scheme is set out in the June 28, 2017 affidavit of Andrea De Bruyne. In the documents, the information over which redactions have been claimed is marked in a see-through readable format colour that corresponds to the identified harm or injury. [15] In many cases, the information is subject to overlapping claims. In those cases, the information is highlighted in each of the colours that correspond to the claimed harm. Claims advanced by agencies and departments are identified in the affidavit of the agency or departmental affiant. [16] In the course of the pre-hearing review, the amicus and counsel for the Attorney General reached a common view on a number of the claimed redactions. They have grouped the documents as follows: Group 1: Group 1(a) documents are documents where counsel for the Attorney General and the amicus have reached the common view that the claimed redactions are not contentious as originally filed and the prohibition on disclosure should be confirmed; ii. Group 1(b) documents contain claimed redactions where counsel for the Attorney General and the amicus have reached the common view that some of the claimed redactions are not contentious and the prohibition on disclosure should be confirmed but there are other redactions in the document where agreement has not been reached; Group 2 documents contain claims that have been revised in the course of the pre-hearing review directed by this Court and counsel for the Attorney General and the amicus have reached the common view that the revised claims are not contentious, but there are other redactions in the documents where agreement has not been reached; Group 3 documents are those documents where some or all of the redactions claimed remain in dispute and counsel for the Attorney General and the amicus have advanced their respective positions on each of these claims. [17] The Attorney General has also lifted a significant number of the initially claimed redactions in the course of this proceeding. Where there are multiple claims over the same information the lifting of one redaction does not remove the section 38 claim. However, where the lifting of redactions by the Attorney General has resulted in there being no remaining claim over information this has been reflected in the decision column of the chart attached at Amended Annex “B” and the information ordered disclosed. [18] To assist the Court in the balancing of interests as required at step three of the Ribic analysis, the amicus characterized redacted information according to its potential value in the underlying proceeding. In doing so, information has been categorized as being “non-contentious” where the amicus is of the opinion it is of minimal value. Where he is of the view that information could be of some potential value he has characterized the information as “relevant,” and where he has categorized the information as being of greater potential value he has characterized it as “highly relevant.” To avoid any confusion with the concept of relevance as understood in Stinchcombe, I have chosen to replace the amicus’ use of the terms “relevant” and “highly relevant” with the terms “some potential value,” and “greater potential value,” respectively. III. Legal Framework [19] Section 38 of the CEA establishes a procedure whereby information relating to international relations, national defence and national security may be protected from disclosure before a court, person or body with the jurisdiction to compel the production of information. In such a circumstance, notice is to be given to the Attorney General (section 38.01) who may at any time authorize disclosure of all or part of the information (section 38.03). Where the Attorney General does not authorize disclosure or enter into an agreement (section 38.031), the Attorney General may seek an order confirming the prohibition on disclosure before the Federal Court (section 38.04). [20] The relevant provisions of the CEA (sections 38, 38.01, 38.03, 38.031, 38.04, 38.06, 38.07, 38.11 and 38.14) are reproduced in Annex “A” for ease of reference. In addition, references to section 38 in this judgment encompass sections 38 to 38.15 of the CEA. IV. Issues [21] The issue raised in this application is whether, with respect to each of the claims to protect information: the prohibition on disclosure should be confirmed pursuant to subsection 38.06(3) of the CEA; the information should be disclosed subject to the imposition of conditions to limit the injury to international relations, national defence or national security pursuant to subsection 38.06(2) of the CEA; or the information should be disclosed pursuant to subsection 38.06(1) of the CEA. V. The Law [22] In assessing the nature of an order to be made pursuant to section 38.06, the Court engages a three step process as set out in Ribic. In considering the information the Attorney General seeks to protect the Court must: (1) determine the information’s relevance in the underlying proceeding; (2) determine whether the disclosure of the information would be injurious to international relations, national defence or national security; and (3) where the evidence is both relevant and injurious, determine whether the public interest in disclosure is outweighed by the public interest in protecting the information. The party seeking disclosure bears the onus of demonstrating relevance (Ribic at para 17). Where relevance is established the onus then shifts to the Attorney General to demonstrate injury (Ribic at para 20). In the third and final step, the onus shifts back to the party seeking disclosure to demonstrate that the public interest favours disclosure (Ribic at para 21). [23] In this case, where the underlying proceeding is a criminal prosecution, relevance is to be determined on the basis of whether the information “is relevant or not in the usual and common sense of the Stinchcombe rule, that is to say in the case at bar information, whether inculpatory or exculpatory, that may reasonably be useful to the defence” (Ribic at para 17). [24] In the weighing of interests in the third and final step of the Ribic test, mere relevancy is insufficient to tip the balance in favour of disclosure. Rather the information must be assessed on a case by case basis and in doing so the Court is to consider those factors it determines necessary in the circumstances (Canada (Attorney General) v Khawaja, 2007 FC 490, (2007) 312 FTR 217 [Khawaja] at para 93). Relevant factors, identified in Khan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1996] 2 FC 316 (TD) , (1996) 1 FTR 81 [Khan] at para 26 and endorsed in Khawaja at paras 74 and 93 include: the nature of the public interest sought to be protected by confidentiality; whether the evidence in question will probably establish a fact crucial to the defence; the seriousness of the charge or issues involved; the admissibility of the documentation and the usefulness of it; whether the party seeking disclosure has established that there are no other reasonable ways of obtaining information; and whether the disclosure sought amounts to general discovery or a fishing expedition. [25] In considering this application, I am not undertaking a judicial review of the Attorney General’s decision to prohibit disclosure of information. Rather, I am required “to make [my] own decision as to whether the statutory ban ought to be lifted or not and issue an order accordingly” (Ribic at para 15). [26] The threshold for relevance in the Stinchcombe sense is low. The Attorney General concedes that all of the information that is the subject of this application satisfies that threshold and is relevant in the context of Mr. Ader’s criminal prosecution. VI. Analysis A. Non-contentious claims [27] As noted above, the amicus and counsel for the Attorney General have engaged in discussions for the purposes of narrowing the claims that are contentious. They agree that in 242 of the 406 documents in issue, the information subject to the section 38 claim would be of minimal value in the criminal proceeding and are not contentious (the Group 1(a) documents referred to above). There are a further 130 documents that contain non-contentious claims (the Group 1(b) and Group 2 documents). [28] All of the claims advanced by DND and GAC have been identified as non-contentious. The DND role in responding to the kidnapping appears to have been limited. In the course of this proceeding only a single section 38 claim relating to DND (concerning the identity of a member of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command) has been maintained. [29] The GAC involvement was more substantial. The information GAC has identified for non-disclosure relates to the Government of Canada’s policy of not paying ransom to terrorists, the identity of third parties that had provided information to GAC, and Canadian assessments of foreign government officials, operations and policies. [30] Beyond the DND and GAC claims, the remaining non-contentious claims relate to information that the Attorney General submits could variously reveal or negatively impact: (1) areas or persons of interest to intelligence and security agencies; (2) intelligence-gathering capabilities and techniques; (3) operational activities |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| (4) relationships with foreign agencies; (5) |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| (6) relationships with foreign governments; (7) the identities of employees; (8) internal procedures and methods; or (9) |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||| [31] I have reviewed each of these claims for non-disclosure. [32] I am satisfied that the redactions that have been identified as non-contentious satisfy the low threshold for relevance in the Stinchcombe context. I am also satisfied that the information contained in the non-contentious redactions falls within the section 38 definitions of sensitive and potentially injurious information and that disclosure would be injurious to international relations, national defence or national security. [33] Moving to the third step of the Ribic test, and turning my mind to the factors that may be of assistance to the Court when weighing the competing interests, I share the view of the amicus and counsel for the Attorney General that the information would be of minimal value in the underlying criminal proceeding. I consider this factor to be determinative. The public interest in protecting the information far outweighs any interest favouring disclosure. The Attorney General’s prohibition on disclosure as it relates to the non-contentious claims in group 1(a), 1(b), and 2 documents is confirmed. This is reflected in the decision column of Amended Annex “B”. B. Claims related to the RCMP [34] Some of the information that is the subject of this application was shared with the RCMP by a number of foreign agencies, including the Australian Federal Police [AFP]. Disclosure had been refused on the basis that it would be harmful to national security absent the consent of the originating foreign agency: such disclosure would violate what has been referred to in this proceeding as the “originator control principle” or “third party rule”. The principle is addressed in greater detail below but it is “not a principle of law and it is not absolute …[i]ts application in each case must be scrutinized and actual risk of harm to the national interest established.” (Canada (Attorney General) v Almalki, 2010 FC 1106, [2012] 2 FCR 508 at para 133). [35] Much of the information that originated with the AFP is contained in officers’ notes and RCMP reporting documents and has been identified by the amicus as being of greater potential value in the underlying criminal prosecution. Much of it relates to the relationship between Mr. Ader and a Mr. Salad and a Mr. Osoble. [36] At the hearing, counsel for the Attorney General advised the Court that the majority of the section 38 claims that had been advanced on the basis that the information had been shared with the RCMP by the AFP had been lifted. The RCMP affiant, Chief Superintendent Parsons, provided oral evidence at the hearing regarding the lifting of the claims. He testified that there are in effect cultural distinctions as between police agencies and intelligence agencies and these distinctions impact on how breaches of the third party rule may be viewed. He noted that police officers, unlike the intelligence community, are accustomed to having the “fruits of [their] endeavours” reviewed publicly. He noted that, in this case, the RCMP sought consent to disclose late in the process from the Australian Federal Police and that there had not been a refusal of disclosure but rather a non-response. Chief Superintendent Parsons testified that he had personally undertaken a review of the section 38 claims relating to the RCMP just prior to the hearing to ensure the best possible disclosure was provided. His evidence was to the effect that he considered the absence of a refusal to disclose, his experience as a police officer, the informal circumstances in which information was exchanged and his view that not all breaches of the third party rule are the same (some are less serious than others). He concluded that AFP information assessed as being of potential value in the underlying criminal proceeding could be disclosed. [37] In lifting a significant number of the RCMP’s section 38 claims, the majority of the information relating to Mr. Salad and Mr. Osoble will be disclosed. The remaining RCMP claims that are in issue relate to third party information. The claims have been considered and the interests weighed as described in the analysis below. C. The remaining claims [38] As noted above, the relevance of the information the Attorney General has identified for non-disclosure is not in dispute. My consideration of the remaining claims will therefore focus on the second and third steps of the Ribic analysis: (1) would injury result from disclosure and (2) the weighing or balancing of the competing interests in disclosure versus non-disclosure where the information is determined to be injurious. (1) Would injury result to national security, national defence or international relations as a result of disclosure? [39] In assessing the potential for injury I must be satisfied, on a reasonableness standard that the opinion of the Attorney General that injury would result rests on a factual foundation that has been established in the evidence. In making this determination, the Attorney General’s assessment of potential injury is to be given considerable weight; it is not the role of the Court to second guess or substitute its opinion for that of the Attorney General (Khawaja at paras 63–65, citing Ribic at paras 18-20). [40] The affidavits filed by representatives of the RCMP, CSIS, CSE, DND and GAC address the nature of the potential injury disclosure would cause. My focus is on the evidence as it relates to the contested section 38 claims over CSE and CSIS information. In respect of those contested claims, the CSE and CSIS affiants have stated that disclosure of the information would |||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||| (a) Would information that |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| be injurious? 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He too noted that Canada as a net importer of intelligence relies heavily on these relationships to obtain intelligence that would not otherwise be available. He stated that information is exchanged with foreign agencies subject to an express and/or implicit understanding that neither the information nor its source will be disclosed beyond the recipient: he refers to this as the “third party rule”. He stated that to disclose the source or substance of foreign agency information would negatively impact the work of foreign partners, erode confidence in the Service and cause significant harm to the Service’s relationships and its ability to cooperate with foreign agencies in the future. [46] |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| [47] |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||| [48] The jurisprudence reflects the importance of the originator control principle or the third party rule to the proper functioning of police and intelligence agencies, and that a failure on the part of the Government of Canada to protect such information could have significant consequences for Canada’s existing relationships and its ability to enter into new arrangements. (Canada (Attorney General ) v Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in relation to Maher Arar, 2007 FC 766, (2007) 316 FTR 279 [Arar] at para 77, Canada (Attorney General) v Al Telbani, 2014 FC 1050, [Telbani] at para 62). [49] When assessing injury, efforts undertaken to obtain consent are to be considered. The requirement to seek consent was canvassed by Justice Yves de Montigny in Telbani, at paras 72 and 73. In reviewing the relevant jurisprudence, Justice de Montigny states that any obligation to make “reasonable efforts” to seek consent prior to a finding of injury had been qualified in more recent jurisprudence: 73. More recently, this Court somewhat qualified that obligation. In Arar (at paras 75 and 94), Justice Noël stated that he was of the opinion that it was not appropriate to draw a negative conclusion from the fact that the Attorney General did not seek consent from a foreign agency to disclose information, given the fact that such authorization would likely have been refused based on the evidence in the record. Justice Mosley found that the failure to make inquiries of foreign agencies regarding the disclosure of their information was not fatal but could be taken into consideration and could undermine a privilege claim, especially when the information appears innocuous on its face. In Almalki, he nonetheless accepted the Attorney General’s submissions to the effect that it would be futile to ask certain countries to consent to the disclosure of their information. 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Source: decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca
R v Brown
[2022] 1 SCR 506