Canada (Information Commissioner) v. Canada (National Defence)

Canada (Information Commissioner) v. Canada (National Defence)
Court (s) Database
Federal Court Decisions
Date
2014-03-03
Neutral citation
2014 FC 205
File numbers
T-92-13
Notes
A correction was made on February 17, 2015.
Reported Decision
Decision Content
Date: 20140303
Docket: T-92-13
Citation: 2014 FC 205
Ottawa, Ontario, March 3, 2014
PRESENT: The Honourable Madam Justice Kane
BETWEEN:
THE INFORMATION COMMISSIONER
OF CANADA
Applicant
and
THE MINISTER OF NATIONAL DEFENCE
Respondent
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT
[1] This application for judicial review relates to a request for records made on December 9, 2010 by a requester pursuant to the Access to Information Act, RSC 1985, c A-1 (the “Act”). The requester sought information from the Department of National Defence [“DND”]. The Minister of National Defence claimed that an extension of time of more than three years was needed to provide the records.
[2] The applicant, the Information Commissioner of Canada, now seeks a declaration that the respondent, the Minister of National Defence, has failed to give access to the records requested under the Act within the time limits set out in the Act and is, therefore, deemed to have refused to give access to the requested information. The applicant submits that the extension of time claimed by the respondent was not reasonable and is invalid; as a result, the respondent did not comply with the requirement to provide the records within the statutory time period of 30 days and this amounts to a deemed refusal. The applicant also seeks an order directing the respondent to respond to the request and provide the requested records within 30 days of this judgment, subject to exemptions under the Act.
[3] On September 11, 2013 the respondent provided the applicant with the requested records, with some redactions. The respondent then brought a motion to strike the application on the grounds that it is now moot.
[4] The applicant submits that the application is not moot and alternatively, if it is technically moot because the requested records have recently been provided, the relief sought in the application should still be considered because a determination of the issue will guide the conduct of the Department of National Defence and other Government institutions in the future with respect to claimed extensions of time.
[5] This application raises important issues about the access to information regime including the challenges that arise in respecting the rights of those who seek access and are entitled to access, subject to the permitted exemptions, and the operational and other obligations of Government departments that must gather, assess, consult, redact and ultimately provide the records. Moreover, the applicant seeks a remedy in this Court which is not currently provided in the legislation.
[6] To balance these considerations, the Act allows Government departments to claim an extension of time to provide the requested records. This application highlights that there will be situations where Government departments claim extensions of time that appear to be completely unreasonable and excessive, that do not meet the needs of the requester, and that defeat the overall goals of the Act. However, the Information Commissioner’s powers to encourage compliance with the provisions and overall goals of the Act are limited to recommendations and reports to heads of departments, which may do little to address the concerns of the individual requester seeking speedy access to information.
[7] The remedies sought by the Information Commissioner raise policy issues that should be addressed by the Government with the input of relevant stakeholders. Any decision by this Court in the context of this application would have broader implications government-wide and the Court should be wary of determining such issues without the input of those that would be affected.
[8] For the reasons provided below, the Court will exercise its discretion to hear the application. However, the applicant can not obtain the relief she seeks on this application and the application must be dismissed. Despite this outcome, the applicant has effectively highlighted that the remedies for non-compliance with the Act are limited and that legislative change would be the only way to provide more options and remedies.
The Background
[9] On December 9, 2010, a requester sought access to records from DND regarding a DND contract involving Smith Consulting Group [“SCG”], Billy P. Smith, and the sale of surplus military assets to Uruguay.
[10] On February 3, 2011, pursuant to correspondence from DND, Mr Smith and SCG provided their consent to the release of personal and third party information to the requester, who was their lawyer.
[11] On March 4, 2011, DND informed the requester that:
• Fees would be charged for processing the request and that the request would not be processed until such time as the requester confirmed his continued interest in obtaining the records and paid a deposit of 50% of the estimated fee, about $250.
• It would claim an extension of time of 1,110 days – three years and 15 days – beyond the initial statutory time limit of responding to the request, “due to the volume of records” (section 9(1)(a) of the Act) and to “complete the necessary consultations” (section 9(1)(b) of the Act). After this time extension, DND’s due date for responding to the request would be on or about March 19, 2014.
[12] On March 11, 2011, the requester paid the deposit and informed DND by letter that it intended to file a complaint with the Information Commissioner regarding the 1,110 day extension.
[13] On March 29, 2011, the Information Commissioner provided notice of her intention to investigate. During the course of investigation, DND provided further details on the time extension: a 230-day extension was claimed pursuant to paragraph 9(1)(a) of the Act due to the large number of records involved, and a 880-day extension was claimed pursuant to paragraph 9(1)(b) of the Act to complete the necessary consultations.
[14] By March 30, 2012, DND had not begun its consultations with other government institutions.
[15] In May 2012, the applicant sought and obtained written representations from DND regarding DND’s extension of time. The Director of Access to Information and Privacy of DND (the “ATIP Director”) responded with the following information:
• after an initial review, 1000 pages of duplicate information were removed leaving 2400 pages to be reviewed and consulted;
• with respect to the subsection 4(2.1) of the Act (i.e. the Duty to Assist), the provision of timely access is based on what is reasonable in the circumstances. In these circumstances, DND had the discretion to determine the length of the extension (Canada, Treasury Board Secretariat, Directive on the Administration of the Access to Information Act, at Appendix C “Principles for assisting applicants”);
• in estimating the length of an extension, DND undergoes an initial review of the documents and considers many possible variables, including previous experiences, sensitivity of the information and current workload;
• part of the file needed to be reviewed by the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade [“DFAIT”] and Public Works and Government Services Canada [“PWGSC”], and that the DFAIT review could potentially involve mandatory consultation with foreign governments;
• DND had consulted with the Department of Justice [“DOJ”] and was told that the whole file needed to be reviewed for matters regarding solicitor-client and litigation privilege; and
• DND’s access to information unit had experienced a major and unprecedented software malfunction.
[16] DND sent the relevant records to other departments for consultation on July 9, 2012. DOJ and PWGSC responded by August 15, 2012, sooner than DND had anticipated. DFAIT responded by August 31, 2012, indicating that it would require a further 120 days to respond, that is, until November 2012.
[17] On October 18, 2012, the applicant wrote to the respondent to report the results of her investigation. The applicant informed the respondent that DND had failed to meet its duty to assist, as set out in subsection 4(2.1) of the Act, and particularly that it had not made every effort to process the request in a timely manner. The applicant also found that DND had not provided justification for the claimed extensions of time; in so doing, the applicant found that the second criteria set out in paragraph 9(1)(a) of the Act was not met. Moreover, the applicant found that DND had not provided any explanation for the discrepancy between the initial estimate (880 days) and actual time required (approximately 160 days) for the consultation.
[18] The applicant advised the respondent that the extensions of time had not been justified; the extension sought under paragraph 9(1)(a) had not been met and the extension of 880 days sought under 9(1)(b) was not reasonable and both were therefore invalid. The applicant concluded that because the extensions were not valid, the response date remained March 4, 2011, which was the statutory time period to respond of 30 days, and since no response had been received at that time, DND was in a state of deemed refusal.
[19] The applicant recommended that the respondent commit to respond to the request by no later than February 28, 2013, 90 days after DFAIT was expected to respond to the consultation request.
[20] On November 6, 2012, the ATIP Director informed the applicant that DND could not commit to adhere to the applicant’s recommendations because the requisite consultations were external and beyond its control, but promised to make every effort to provide the records by that date. The ATIP Director also noted that DND takes its responsibilities under the Act very seriously.
[21] On December 18, 2012, the requester authorized the applicant to initiate an application for review to the Federal Court pursuant to paragraph 42(1)(a) of the Act.
The Remedy sought by the Information Commissioner
[22] The applicant seeks:
• A Declaration that the respondent has failed to give access to the requested records within the time limits set out in the Act and is therefore deemed to have refused to give access to the requested information; and,
• An Order directing the respondent to respond to the request within 30 days of judgment.
[23] The applicant agrees that because the documents were provided on September 11, 2013, the Order directing the respondent to provide the documents is moot, but submits that the issue of the declaratory relief is not moot.
The preliminary issue: Iis the application moot?
[24] On September 26, 2013, the respondent filed its motion to dismiss the application on the ground that it is moot.
[25] The respondent submits that because DND has provided the records requested with some exemptions, the factual foundation for the litigation has disappeared and that there is no longer a live controversy between the parties. The respondent further submits that there are no special circumstances which would justify the Court exercising its discretion to hear the application.
[26] The respondent submits that the test established in Borowski v Canada (Attorney General), [1989] 1 SCR 342, 57 DLR (4th) 231 [Borowski] has not been met.
[27] The respondent notes that there is no ongoing refusal of access because the requested documents have been provided. The respondent also submits that there is no live controversy between the parties because the only complaint made by the requester and investigated by the Information Commissioner [IC] was about the claimed extension of time, which is not reviewable under the Act. The issue of declaratory relief, which the respondent submits is not a justiciable issue, does not re-establish a live controversy between the parties. The respondent argues that the declaration sought by the IC will have no practical effect for the requester because the requester has now received the records.
[28] In addition, the respondent submits that the declaratory relief would stray into matters that should be addressed by legislators and the Court should avoid such intrusion, particularly on moot issues.
[29] The respondent argues that only refusals to provide the records are reviewable by this Court not claimed extensions of time. Complaints regarding claimed extensions of time may result in reports to Ministers and recommendations for timely compliance – but that is as far as the legislation goes.
[30] The respondent argues that the Information Commissioner’s interest in pursuing this application has little to do with the requester’s interests but focuses on institutional interests. The respondent questions whether this is a proper use of the judicial review power, noting that section 42 requires the consent of the requester for judicial review and such consent does not permit the requester to raise hypothetical issues. Rather such issues, which may also engage the interests of other intervenors, would be better addressed in a reference to the Court pursuant to section 18.3 of the Federal Courts Act. The respondent suggests that this is a disguised reference case by the applicant with the goal of inviting the Court to redraft or reinterpret the statutory provisions and that the applicant should have brought a reference pursuant to section 18.3.
[31] The applicant, responding to the motion for mootness, submits that the issues she has raised in the application must be fully considered to provide the context to determine if the issues are moot, and if they are found to be moot, to determine whether the Court should exercise its discretion to hear the application.
[32] The applicant frames the issues as: what constitutes an unreasonable extension of time; whether an unreasonable extension can give rise to a deemed refusal; whether judicial review pursuant to sections 41 or 42 of the Act can be taken of an unreasonable extension of time before that claimed extension has lapsed; and, what is the scope of the respondent’s duty to assist as it relates to the timeliness of responses to access to information requests.
[33] The applicant submits that the two-step approach and the factors established in Borowski support hearing the application: the Court must determine if a concrete dispute has ceased to exist and if the dispute has ceased to exist, the Court must consider whether to exercise its discretion to hear the application.
[34] The applicant agrees that part of the relief requested is moot since the requester has now received the records. However, a declaration of whether the records were provided in compliance with the Act and whether the claimed extension of time was unreasonable and, therefore, invalid and, as a result, constituted a deemed refusal, would have a practical effect on this case and in future cases.
[35] Alternatively, the applicant argues that even if the application for declaratory relief is moot, the Court should exercise its discretion to hear the application. The applicant submits that there is a sufficient adversarial context, as both the applicant and respondent have fully argued all the relevant issues and will continue to have an ongoing interest in these issues, given that access to information requests will continue to be made to the respondent, as well as to other departments and agencies. As these issues are bound to recur and their resolution will have a practical effect on the rights of requesters, they are issues of public importance. Moreover, the resolution of these issues is important to the effective functioning of the access to information system as a whole.
[36] The applicant emphasizes that if the Court does not exercise its discretion to hear the application, the requester in this case, and other requesters in similar circumstances, who allege that their right to timely access under the Act is infringed, will be denied an effective remedy. The applicant notes that the Act permits the responding Government institution to control the timing of the response, i.e. to set the time extension. Even though the requester in the present case has now received the sought after records, he has been denied timely access.
[37] The applicant further submits that these issues are evasive of review. Where the Commissioner investigates a complaint about an unreasonable extension of time and then seeks judicial review, the records may be provided before the judicial review is heard. Although the requester may ultimately receive the requested records, the requester is denied timely access and has no recourse. If the Court does not hear this application, DND and other departments could continue to claim long extensions of time, contrary to the spirit of the Act and, in particular, section 9 of the Act, without any opportunity for the Court to review the validity of such extensions.
[38] With respect to the respondent’s argument that the Court does not have jurisdiction to review an extension of time until that extension has lapsed and has resulted in a deemed refusal, the applicant notes that this is the central issue and argues that the jurisprudence has been inconsistent and that the issue should be resolved.
[39] The applicant also submits that the application raises issues of statutory interpretation which are appropriate for the Court to deal with.
The Court will exercise its discretion to hear the application
[40] As noted in the chronology, the requester has waited a long time to receive the records.
[41] The requester filed his request in December 2010 and, after some communications regarding the fees required, DND acknowledged the request in February 2011. In March 2011, DND claimed an extension of time of three years and 15 days to provide the records. The requester then complained to the applicant. The applicant investigated and reported to the respondent in October 2012, however, the respondent could not commit to adhere to the recommendations and to provide the requested records by the date recommended, February, 28, 2013. As a result, the applicant sought judicial review. Memoranda of Law were drafted and filed and the judicial review was scheduled. Less than a month before the scheduled hearing date, the respondent provided the records. Less than two weeks before the scheduled hearing date the respondent brought its motion to strike the application. Should the compliance of the respondent at this late day render the application moot?
[42] If the Court has the jurisdiction to consider deemed refusals based on unreasonable extensions of time claimed by Government departments, that remedy would be thwarted by departments that provide the requested records at any time up to the eve of the hearing date and then assert mootness on the application for judicial review.
[43] Both parties agree that the test for determining mootness is established by the Supreme Court of Canada in Borowski at para 15, “[t]he general principle applies when the decision of the court will not have the effect of resolving some controversy which affects or may affect the rights of the parties. If the decision of the court will have no practical effect on such rights, the court will decline to decide the case.” The Supreme Court noted that, if after the commencement of the proceeding, “events occur which affect the relationship of the parties so that no present live controversy exists which affects the rights of the parties, the case is said to be moot.”
[44] The Supreme Court set out a two-step approach to determine whether a case is moot. First, the Court must determine whether the required tangible and concrete dispute has disappeared and the issues have become hypothetical or academic. If so, then the Court must determine whether, despite that the dispute has disappeared, or despite the lack of a “live controversy”, it should exercise its discretion to hear the case. The Court also set out the factors to be considered in determining whether to exercise the discretion; an adversarial context; concern for judicial economy and the conservation of judicial resources; and, the need of the Court to respect its role as the adjudicative branch and not stray into the role of the legislative branch.
[45] In Ficek v Canada (Attorney General), 2013 FC 430, 2013 DTC 5115 [Ficek], Justice Phelan found that the Court should exercise its discretion in favour of hearing the application where the issues raised would otherwise be evasive of review. Many of the considerations in Ficek, supra at paras 13-16, 20-21, 29, are relevant to the present circumstances:
[13] However, the situation in which the Applicant finds herself is one which can happen often and in many different situations. An applicant claims that the government has breached the law, and the applicant has been affected by such breach. Prior to the matter being adjudicated or post- adjudication but prior to a court decision, government rectifies the breach and then claims that the dispute is moot. Whatever rights an applicant may have had have been trammelled, but no remedy is available.
[14] This situation facing this Applicant is slightly more complicated because there is the real prospect of future harm as assessments will be due for other years and there is no indication that the policy at issue has or will be changed. While the past alleged wrong is over, a future wrong may occur.
[15] In my view, these circumstances do not make the controversy less moot or more alive. The proper place for considerations of this nature are in the second prong of the Borowski test – the exercise of the Court’s discretion.
A similar view, expressed in the context of a tax case where at the time of hearing the debt was paid and the liens lifted, occurred in Danada Enterprises Ltd v Canada (Attorney General), 2012 FC 403, 407 FTR 268.
[16] The live controversy about the interpretation and application of the assessment powers for the 2010 tax year, which is at the heart of the dispute, is academic, particularly as the declaratory relief was an adjunct to the principal relief of mandamus.
[…]
[20] With regard to the second criterion, that of judicial economy, three factors are relevant, as discussed in Borowski:
• is the issue sensitive and evasive of review?
• would the “social cost” of leaving an issue of public or national importance undecided justify the Court’s intervention?
• would a decision have some practical effect on the rights of the parties even though it would have no effect on the now moot controversy that led to the litigation?
[21] The issue is certainly sensitive and has broad impact. It has shown itself to be evasive of review. As referred to earlier by the Court, review after the offending conduct has stopped becomes difficult because it allows the “offending” party to cure and avoid judicial scrutiny.
[…]
[29] The final criterion – the role of the Court – is one to which the Court is sensitive. The Respondent’s suggestion that it is not for the Court to go about issuing legal opinions ignores the Court’s role in this case which is to engage in statutory interpretation on a given set of facts. There is no issue of the Court straying into areas of executive or legislative policy. However, if the Applicant is correct, a local office fiat could run counter to the legislated duty of the Minister to assess “with all due dispatch”.
[46] The factors set out in Borowski, when applied to the circumstances of this case, favour the Court exercising its discretion to hear the application.
[47] One part of the application is clearly moot since the records have been provided. However, other issues remain live, particularly whether a claimed extension of time can be found to be unreasonable and, therefore, invalid, leading to a deemed refusal which can then be judicially reviewed. While the resolution of these issues may not have a practical effect on the parties to this application, and to that extent, could be considered moot, they will have a practical effect on other requesters and the respondent, as well as other Government departments and agencies in the future. Regardless, there is justification for the Court to exercise its discretion to hear the application.
[48] As in Ficek, if the Court does not hear the application, the issues raised are evasive of review. The respondent may have made its best efforts to provide the requested records as soon as possible, as it promised to do in its response to the applicant in November 2012. But the reality is that the records were delivered shortly before the hearing date and the motion to strike the application on the grounds of mootness was made less than two weeks before the hearing date. From the perspective of the requester, he did not receive the records in a “timely’ manner; not in the time frame he may have desired or needed for whatever purpose the records were sought.
[49] The motion can not be considered in a vacuum. The Court has considered the issues raised by the parties in the application. The parties have fully argued all the issues in both the motion to strike the application and the application itself. As a result, the concern for judicial resources is to some extent theoretical given that judicial resources have already been expended. It would seem to be more of a waste of resources to not consider the application at this stage.
[50] I also agree with the applicant that the issues are likely to arise again and that these are important issues to highlight how to give effect to the spirit of the access to information regime. Certainly, these are not new issues and, although the applicant suggests that the law is not settled, the Court has consistently addressed its limited jurisdiction to review true refusals.
[51] The resolution of the issues, to the extent it adds to the jurisprudence, will have some practical effect and justifies the Court’s consideration.
[52] There is no risk that the Court will stray into areas reserved for Parliament. The issues are primarily about statutory interpretation. While the applicant may invite the Court to interpret the provisions broadly to expand the powers of the Information Commissioner, any statutory changes must come from Parliament. The Court cannot redraft the legislation.
[53] Finally, I do not agree with the respondent’s argument that, in determining whether the application is moot, the Court should consider whether the applicant should have brought a reference to the Court pursuant to section 18.3 of the Federal Courts Act rather than an application for judicial review.
[54] Section 18.3 provides:
18.3 (1) A federal board, commission or other tribunal may at any stage of its proceedings refer any question or issue of law, of jurisdiction or of practice and procedure to the Federal Court for hearing and determination.
(2) The Attorney General of Canada may, at any stage of the proceedings of a federal board, commission or other tribunal, other than a service tribunal within the meaning of the National Defence Act, refer any question or issue of the constitutional validity, applicability or operability of an Act of Parliament or of regulations made under an Act of Parliament to the Federal Court for hearing and determination.
18.3 (1) Les offices fédéraux peuvent, à tout stade de leurs procédures, renvoyer devant la Cour fédérale pour audition et jugement toute question de droit, de compétence ou de pratique et procédure.
(2) Le procureur général du Canada peut, à tout stade des procédures d’un office fédéral, sauf s’il s’agit d’un tribunal militaire au sens de la Loi sur la défense nationale, renvoyer devant la Cour fédérale pour audition et jugement toute question portant sur la validité, l’applicabilité ou l’effet, sur le plan constitutionnel, d’une loi fédérale ou de ses textes d’application.
[55] The respondent contends that a reference pursuant to section 18.3 is a preferable approach to address the issues that the applicant has raised in her application, particularly regarding the declaratory relief sought. However, this argument was not raised in the respondent’s written submissions and understandably put the applicant at a disadvantage with respect to a reply. I also note that the respondent did not cite any case law regarding the reference power.
[56] With respect to the applicant’s choice of procedure, it must be remembered that the applicant launched the application many months before the requested records were provided. The respondent has only raised the notion of a reference at the oral hearing.
[57] Moreover, the respondent’s assertion of section 18.3 as the better approach is not an answer, in the present circumstances, to whether the Court should exercise its discretion to hear the application. As explored in detail below, whether as a reference or an application, the issues raised by the parties are policy issues that may require legislative change, which is the domain of Parliament. In addition, the respondent has not provided any guidance to the Court about whether such issues would even be appropriate for a reference or whether the respondent would support that approach if it were pursued in the future.
[58] The Court has, therefore, considered the application on its merits.
The Issues
[59] The applicant seeks a declaration that the respondent has failed to provide access to the requested records within the time limits set out in the Act and is deemed to have refused access. The applicant’s request for an Order directing the respondent to respond to the request and to provide the records within 30 days of the judgment is now moot.
[60] The key issues are:
1. Whether the Court has jurisdiction pursuant to section 42 to hear this application? and,
2. If so, whether the claimed extension of time was reasonable?
[61] To reiterate, the applicant has raised several underlying issues: what constitutes an unreasonable extension of time; can an unreasonable extension constitute a deemed refusal; can judicial review pursuant to sections 41 or 42 be taken of an unreasonable extension of time (as found by the Information Commissioner) before that claimed extension has lapsed; and, what is the scope of the respondent’s duty to assist as it relates to the timeliness of responses to access to information requests.
The Access to Information Regime
[62] The relevant provisions of the Act are set out in the Annex but are summarized here for context.
[63] The Act sets out its purpose in section 2. Section 6 governs how requests for records shall be made.
[64] Under section 7 of the Act, the head of the government institution to which the request is made has, subject to sections 8-10, 30 days after the request is received to give notice to the requester whether or not access to the record, or part thereof, will be given and if so, to provide the records.
[65] Section 9 of the Act allows the head of a Government institution to extend the time limit set out in section 7 “for a reasonable period of time, having regard to the circumstances” if there are a large number of records and if meeting the 30 day initial time limit would interfere with the operations of the department, or if consultations are required which cannot be completed within that period, or if notice of the request is required to be given to a third party pursuant to subsection 27(1).
[66] Section 10 governs refusals to give access to the records and subsection 10(3) provides that where the records are not provided within the time limits set out in this act, the head of the institution is deemed to have refused to give access. In other words, where there is no outright notice of refusal, if the requested records are not provided within 30 days or within the period of time claimed as an extension under section 9, there is a deemed refusal.
[67] Section 30 governs complaints, i.e. who can bring a complaint and on what grounds.
[68] Sections 32-36 govern investigations by the Information Commissioner, including the requirements to notify the Government institution, determine its procedure, the privacy of complaints, and the opportunity for those affected to make submissions.
[69] Section 37 sets out the powers of the Information Commissioner regarding the results or findings of its investigation. The Information Commissioner may report her findings to the Government institution, make recommendations, and request a response. She must also report to the requester and provide the requester’s response of the impugned Government institution.
[70] Section 38 requires the Information Commissioner to provide an Annual Report to Parliament. The Information Commissioner may also submit Special Reports pursuant to section 39 on matters within the scope of its powers, particularly on matters of importance that should not wait until the next Annual Report to be highlighted.
[71] Sections 41 and 42 provide that the requester who has been refused access or the Information Commissioner, following an investigation, may apply to the Court for review of a refusal.
[72] In 2006, the Act was amended to add subsection 4(2.1) to impose a duty on the head of the institution to assist a requester, including to provide “timely” access to the requested record.
[73] The Information Commissioner has no authority to make any orders.
[74] For example, the Information Commissioner has no authority to "cure" a deemed refusal of access by granting any extension of time to a Government institution to respond to an access request. As the Court held in Statham v Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 2010 FCA 315 at para 49, [2012] 2 FCR 421:
49 To conclude on this point, the Act confers no authority on the Commissioner to "cure" a deemed refusal of access by granting any extension of time to a government institution to respond to an access request.
[75] Judicial review is the only way the Information Commissioner can encourage compliance and is limited to refusals to disclose or to provide access to a requested record.
Interpreting the Act
[76] The applicant submits that timely access is an important overarching principle of the Act which can be ignored or thwarted if the head of the Government department may claim an extension of time of no matter what length, unless there is jurisdiction in this Court to review the reasonableness of that extension or to find that it is invalid and constitutes a deemed refusal.
[77] The applicant submits that the Act is to be given a liberal and purposive interpretation. The applicant notes the jurisprudence that has established the quasi-constitutional nature of the right of access to information, given that the right enables citizens to have the information required to participate meaningfully in the democratic process (Canada (Information Commissioner) v Canada (Minister of National Defence), 2011 SCC 25 at para 40, [2011] 2 SCR 306 [MND]; Ontario (Public Safety and Security) v Criminal Lawyers' Association, 2010 SCC 23 at para 30, [2010] 1 SCR 815; Canada (Attorney General) v Canada (Information Commissioner), 2004 FC 431 at paras 19, 255 FTR 56).
[78] The applicant submits, therefore, that where there are two interpretations open to the Court, it must interpret the provision in a manner that least infringes the public’s right to access (Rubin v Canada (Minister of Transport), [1998] 2 FC 430 at para 23, 154 DLR (4th) 414 [Rubin]; Canada (Privacy Commissioner) v Canada (Labour Relations Board), [1996] 3 FC 609 at para 47, 118 FTR 1 (FCTD)).
[79] The respondent acknowledges the quasi-constitutional nature of the Act but submits that it must be interpreted in accordance with the usual principles of statutory interpretation (MND, supra at para 40; Lavigne v Canada (Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages), 2002 SCC 53 at para 25, [2002] 2 SCR 773).
The statutory language is clear
[80] I agree that the Act should be interpreted in accordance with general principles of statutory interpretation. In MND, supra at para 40, the Supreme Court stated:
40 […] While I agree that the Access to Information Act may be considered quasi-constitutional in nature, thus highlighting its important purpose, this does not alter the general principles of statutory interpretation. The fundamental difficulty with the Commissioner's approach to the interpretation of the term "government institution" is that she avoids any direct reference to the legislative provision at issue. The Court cannot disregard the actual words chosen by Parliament and rewrite the legislation to accord with its own view of how the legislative purpose could be better promoted.
[81] If the language of a statute permits more than one interpretation, the Court will choose the interpretation that least infringes on the right to access to information (Rubin, supra at para 23). However, the Court must respect the language of the Act and cannot redraft or reinterpret the provisions to reach its own view of how the purpose could be better served.
[82] In Rubin, supra at paras 24, the Court considered the nature of an exemption under the Act and remarked that:
It is important to emphasize that this does not mean that the Court is to re-draft the exemptions found in the Act in order to create more narrow exemptions. A court must always work within the language it has been given. If the meaning is plain, it is not for this Court, or any other court, to alter it. Where, however, there is ambiguity within a section, that is, it is open to two interpretations (as paragraph 16(1)(c) is here), then this Court must, given the presence of section 2, choose the interpretation that infringes on the public's stated right to access to information contained in section4 of the Act the least.
[83] This reflects the oft cited principle that the “words of an Act are to be read in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament” (Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd (Re), [1998] 1 SCR 27 at para 21, 154 DLR (4th) 193). Section 2(1) sets out the object of the Act as “to provide a right of access to information […] in accordance with the principles that government information should be available to the public […]”.
[84] Section 4 addresses the right to access and now includes a specific provision imposing a duty on the head of the institution to “[…] make every reasonable effort to assist the person in connection with the request […] and, subject to the regulations, provide timely access to the record in the format requested.”
[85] There is no definition of “timely” in the Act. The Oxford Dictionary defines timely as “done or occurring at a favourable or useful time; opportune”. Such a definition begs the question of timely from whose perspective.
[86] The reference to timely access does not create any ambiguities with other provisions of the Act which would call for an interpretation of those provisions in a manner that least infringes access. The provision for timely access is qualified by “make every reasonable effort to…” What is timely will depend on what is reasonable in the circumstances. The statutory language throughout the Act is clear and the various provisions must be read to work together.
Does the Court have Jurisdiction under Section 42 of the Act to Hear the Judicial Review?
[87] The applicant’s position is that the Court has jurisdiction because there is a deemed refusal to provide the records pursuant to subsection 10(3) of the Act. The applicant submits that the jurisprudence is inconsistent, but has not foreclosed the finding that an unreasonable extension of time can be invalid and can constitute a deemed refusal.
[88] The applicant referred to cases where courts have found, or in the applicant’s view, were willing to find, a deemed refusal. The applicant referred to Public Service Alliance of Canada v Canada (Attorney General), 2011 FC 649 at para 23, 391 FTR 28 [PSAC], as an exa