Rouleau c. La Reine

Rouleau c. La Reine
Court (s) Database
Tax Court of Canada Judgments
Date
2007-09-17
Neutral citation
2007 TCC 338
File numbers
96-4635(IT)I
Judges and Taxing Officers
Pierre Archambault
Subjects
Income Tax Act
Decision Content
Docket: 96-4635(IT)I
BETWEEN:
CAMIL ROULEAU,
Appellant,
and
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
Respondent.
[OFFICIAL ENGLISH TRANSLATION]
____________________________________________________________________
Appeal heard on May 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, 2007, at Québec, Quebec.
Before: The Honourable Justice Pierre Archambault
Appearances:
For the Appellant:
The Appellant himself
Counsel for the Respondent:
Pierre Cossette
Simon Petit
____________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
The appeal from the assessment made under the Income Tax Act for the 1992 taxation year is dismissed in accordance with the attached Reasons for Judgment.
Signed at Georgeville, Quebec, this 17th day of September 2007.
"Pierre Archambault"
Archambault J.
Translation certified true
on this 12th day of October 2007.
Brian McCordick, Translator
Citation: 2007TCC338
Date: 20070917
Docket: 96-4635(IT)I
BETWEEN:
CAMIL ROULEAU,
Appellant,
and
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
Respondent.
[OFFICIAL ENGLISH TRANSLATION]
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
Archambault J.
[1] In 1992, Camil Rouleau and Richard McKeown were among the 83 investors in Cablotel Enr. ("Cablotel"), a tax‑shelter partnership created in order to finance a scientific research and experimental development ("R&D") program. Like Mr. Rouleau, Mr. McKeown filed an appeal before this Court. In both their cases, the Minister of National Revenue ("the Minister") had disallowed the deduction of a business loss consisting entirely of R&D expenses, and had disallowed the investment tax credit ("ITC") attributable to those expenses, on the basis that the Cablotel partners were limited partners for income tax purposes.
[2] Mr. McKeown's appeal was filed under the general procedure and he was represented by counsel at the hearing, which was held before the late Chief Judge Garon and spanned 33 days in 1998 and 1999.[1] On March 12, 2001, Chief Judge Garon dismissed Mr. McKeown's appeal, both with respect to his investment in Commu‑Sys Enr. ("Commu‑Sys") in 1991 and his investment in Cablotel in 1992. To summarize succinctly, the Chief Judge held: (i) that those partnerships were not validly formed, notably because the only objective pursued by the investors was to obtain tax deductions, and not to carry on a business; (ii) that Mr. McKeown was a specified member of a partnership and a limited partner, which meant that he was not entitled to deduct the R&D tax losses or to the ITC; and (iii) that he was a silent specified member of the partnership and was therefore not entitled to the ITC.
[3] Surprisingly, Mr. Rouleau's appeal, which was filed on December 12, 1996, under the informal procedure, was heard more than ten years later, and six years after the decision in McKeown v. The Queen. According to my understanding, the appeals of five other Cablotel investors and two Commu-Sys investors were to be heard at the same time as Mr. Rouleau's appeal, but all those other investors dropped their appeals at the last minute. Thus, Mr. Rouleau was the last Cablotel investor whose appeal was heard by this Court.
[4] In addition to a disallowance of the tax deductions, the Minister seeks the penalty contemplated in section 179.1 of the Income Tax Act, and costs for abuse of process. No other penalty is in issue.
Facts
[5] The hearing of Mr. Rouleau's appeal lasted five days, and four witnesses were heard. In addition to testifying himself, Mr. Rouleau adduced the testimony of Daniel Bédard, the advisor who suggested that he invest in Cablotel, and Michel Cusson, a fellow investor who, unlike Mr. Rouleau, accepted a 1995 settlement offer that the Minister made to him as well as hundreds of other investors who had acquired the same kind of tax shelter. As for the Respondent, she called Gabriel Caponi, the Minister's auditor, as a witness.
[6] At paragraph 38 of the Reply to the Notice of appeal, the Minister sets out the following factual assumptions underpinning his assessment:
[TRANSLATION]
(a) The CABLOTEL partnership ("the Partnership") was created on January 16, 1992. (admitted)[2]
(b) Before the Appellant joined the Partnership on November 11, 1992, the Partnership and Omzar Technologies Inc. ("Omzar") signed a document entitled [TRANSLATION] "Service Contract" stating that Omzar would perform work described as scientific research and experimental development. (established)[3]
(c) Omzar incorporated on November 27, 1990, for the purpose of doing work held out to be research and development; it was to carry out a variety of work, and, to this end, nine partnerships ("the Partnerships") were created.[4]
1990
Dreyfus
Bio‑Systems
1991
Bio-Systems 1
Ersol
VCA
Commu-sys
1992
Bio-Systems
Solarix
Cablotel
Communicab
(admitted)
(d) The actual proponent and organizer of the Partnerships was Omzar and its directing mind, Abdel Jabbar Abouelouafa ("Jabbar"). (not contradicted, and considered established)[5]
(e) For its fiscal year ended December 31, 1992, the Partnership recorded a $2,000,108 loss, of which the amounts of $740,000 and $1,260,000 were, respectively, posted as research expenses within the meaning of subparagraph 37(1)(a)(i) and paragraph 37(1)(b) of the Income Tax Act. (established)
(f) Toward the end of 1992, the Appellant gave the Partnership a sum of money representing 50% of his total interest in the Partnership. (admitted)[6]
(g) as for the balance, the Appellant had no obligations to anyone (not established)[7]
(h) Under the purchase plan, every investor, without exception, was to have the benefit of financing for 50% of his share. Thus, every member who invested money was out-of-pocket for only 50% of the price of his partnership interest. (established)[8]
(i) Noreco Inc. financed each member of the Partnership without making any credit inquiries. (uncontradicted and established)
(j) IPF Finance Inc., Loron Inc., and Noreco Inc. ("the Financing Companies") were not at arm's length from Omzar or Jabbar. (established)[9]
(k) Based on the documents submitted to the Minister of National Revenue, the loan, which bore an interest rate of 10%, was repayable in 120 monthly instalments over a period of 10 years, commencing one year after the date of the investment, that is to say, in late 1993. (admitted)[10]
(l) Based on documents which were provided to the Minister of National Revenue, but which do not reflect reality, the loans were repaid by means of the assignment of shares in 1994. (admitted)[11]
(m) The Appellant knew, based on the presentation made at the solicitation, that his share would be bought back in the short term for the amount presented as being financed. (admitted)[12]
(n) The Appellant had a commitment from the proponents that his share would quickly be bought back at a price determined in advance. (not established as written)[13]
(o) All the members of the Partnership assigned their shares to Noreco Inc. for an amount equal to 50% of their shares (the "financed" amount). (not established as written)[14]
(p) The payment was always made by setting off a debt equal to the "financed" amount granted by the Financing Company. Based on the assignment agreement document, the payments were to be made by "[TRANSLATION] "reduction, by way of compensation, of a loan made" by the Financing Corporation: the amount to be paid exceeded the fair market value of his share at the time of the disposition. (established)[15]
(q) Since Noreco Inc. gave all the members of the Partnership financing in an amount equal to 50% of their interest, Noreco Inc. had nothing to disburse. (established)[16]
(r) Consequently, Noreco Inc. acquired the shares for a total of $1,000,000 and cancelled the $1,000,000 in loans repayable to it by the members. (established)[17]
(s) As far as the proponents and members of the Partnership were concerned, the use of the buyback/financing scheme described above was an essential characteristic of the "tax shelter" in respect of which they were reciprocally vendors and purchasers. (admitted)[18]
(t) The cash amounts (50%) received from the members were deposited into the Partnership's bank account, whereupon the Partnership immediately made a payment to Omzar. (established)
(u) Thus, in reality, Omzar only had 50% of the funds available to perform the obligations set out in the document entitled "Service Contract" (established)
(v) Starting in November 1992, as soon as the funds were received from the Partnership, Omzar immediately advanced them to one of the "Financing Companies", which re-used the funds to "finance" other investors. (established)[19]
(w) The Financing Companies never repaid these advances to Omzar; rather, the advances were annulled in a transaction between Omzar and the Financing Company involved. (established)[20]
(x) According to a document dated February 15, 1994, between Omzar and Noreco Inc, Noreco Inc. owed Omzar $3,755,500. (established)[21]
(y) This amount consists of the following advances by Omzar to Noreco Inc.:
Solarix ($2,447,000 X 50%)
$1,223,500
Cablotel ($2,000,000 X 50%)
$1,000,000
Communicab ($2,017,000 X 50%)
$1,008,500
Bio-Systems II ($1,047,000 $ X 50%)
$523,500
Total advances:
$3,755,500
(established)[22]
(z) The document dated February 15, 1994 also states that Noreco Inc. owns the shares of the Solarix, Cablotel, Communicab and Bio‑Systems II Partnerships; those four Partnerships assigned their rights (in the "research" results and work) to Omzar, and, in consideration of this assignment, Omzar fully released Noreco Inc. for the $3,755,500 in advances. Based on the documents submitted to the Minister of National Revenue, the assignment of the Partnership's members' shares is dated February 16, 1994 (established)[23]
(aa) The Appellant was entitled to receive an amount that was granted to it for the purpose of reducing the impact, in whole or in part, of a loss sustained by reason of being a member of the Partnership. (established)[24]
(bb) The Appellant benefitted from an arrangement for the disposition of his interest in the Partnership, and one of the main purposes of this arrangement can reasonably be considered to be to attempt to avoid the application of subsection 96(2.4) of the Income Tax Act.[25]
(cc) According to Omzar's financial statements, most of its expenses consist of management expenses and professional and legal fees: these expenses are not substantiated by supporting documents, and many of them are accounted for by year-end entries in respect of which Omzar's accountant remained very "evasive". (established)[26]
(dd) Omzar's income came solely from the aforementioned partnerships. (established)[27]
(ee) All of Omzar's so-called expenses are grouped together and there is no way to determine the specific partnership for which they were incurred. (established)[28]
(ff) Several of the expenses that Omzar purportedly incurred were paid to corporations that were not at arm's length from Omzar and Jabbar. (established)[29]
(gg) A tiny portion of Omzar's expenses went toward the performance of the service contracts with the partnerships. (established)[30]
(hh) The only reason that the Appellant became a member of the Partnership was to reduce his tax payable under the Income Tax Act. (established)
(ii) the members of the Partnership do not know each other and do not work actively in the Partnership. (established)[31]
(jj) The Partnership had no reason for existing other than to be a vehicle for tax refunds and a financing tool for Omzar. (established)
(kk) The Appellant was a member of a partnership other than a member who, on a regular, continuous and substantial basis throughout the year during which the business of the Partnership was ordinarily carried on, was actively engaged in the activities of the Partnership or was carrying on a business similar to that carried on by the Partnership. (established)
[7] In his testimony, Mr. Rouleau disclosed that he held a Bachelor's degree in applied sciences, which was awarded to him by Université Laval in 1984. His program was computer engineering. On December 27, 1984, after a brief teaching stint at CEGEP de Thetford Mines, Mr. Rouleau accepted a job as a computer engineer with UBM 2001 Inc. at a salary of $20,000 per annum, which was increased to $21,000 a few months later. He left this job in 1985 because of his employer's uncertain future and his low salary, and he began working for the Quebec public service, initially as a casual employee and later as a permanent employee. He was employed by several government departments, including the Ministère des Finances, where he worked from 1992 to 1998.
[8] Mr. Rouleau declared approximately $46,000 in income for the 1992 taxation year. His tax return stated that his only other source of income was interest from Revenue Canada and Revenu Québec. On cross-examination, he acknowledged that he did not invest any money in the stock market. He did not have a secondary house or residence either. His car was purchased with money from his mother. For the year 1993, his only sources of income were employment (roughly $53,000), interest from Revenu Québec, and a $57.63 retiring allowance.
[9] Mr. Rouleau found out about the Omzar tax shelters when he learned that his father had invested in Commu‑Sys in 1991. Mr. Bédard, a colleague of his father's, had proposed this investment to Mr. Rouleau. The Cablotel tax shelter was the one that piqued Mr. Rouleau's interest because of the area of research involved. The project was to design and develop a prototype telematic system in order to optimize the servicing of televisual information broadcasting networks in outlying areas. Mr. Rouleau signed the Cablotel subscription form on November 10, 1992. (See Exhibit A‑3.)
[10] To finance the $15,000 cost of acquiring his interest in Cablotel, Mr. Rouleau obtained a $7,500 loan from the Caisse populaire des fonctionnaires du Québec [Quebec public service credit union] on November 13, 1992. That loan financed his $7,500 outlay. The other $7,500 was from a loan granted by Noreco. That loan was secured by a pledge of Mr. Rouleau's Cablotel shares. (See Exhibit A‑2, tab 7.) Mr. Rouleau repaid the credit‑union loan promptly.
[11] The documentation concerning the shelter emphasized the importance of investor participation, and Mr. Rouleau expected to be able to participate. However, there was practically no participation on his part. In December 1992, Mr. Rouleau had received no news from Cablotel, so he contacted Mr. Bédard to find out if the project had begun. Mr. Bédard told him that everything was proceeding normally and that there was no need to worry. From January to July 1993, Mr. Rouleau's involvement was limited to one or two telephone calls per month. Mr. Rouleau said that he contacted Mr. Bédard to avoid long‑distance charges, since he lived in Québec and Cablotel and Omzar's offices were in Montréal. During one of these calls, Mr. Rouleau was told that a progress report would be submitted to him. He only received that report on October 20, 1993. (See Exhibit A‑2, tab 11.) Naturally, Cablotel sent Mr. Rouleau the financial statements and information slips necessary to fill out his 1992 income tax return.
[12] Mr. Rouleau confirmed that he did not participate in any general meetings of the Cablotel partners, and was not aware of whether there had been any such meetings. He also said that he was not consulted about the decision to move Cablotel's establishment from Hamel Boulevard in Québec to the Metropolitan Boulevard in Montréal on February 12, 1993. Mr. Rouleau also acknowledged that he did not know the other Cablotel associates.
[13] Mr. Rouleau appears to have gone to the Omzar laboratory in Montréal only once. This visit only took place on February 28, 1994, after Noreco's acquisition, on February 16, 1994, of almost all the Cablotel shares.[32] The visit coincided with a skiing weekend that Mr. Rouleau spent at Mont‑Tremblant. Mr. Rouleau discussed the Cablotel project for only one hour during the visit. He was shown certain pieces of equipment, but a demonstration of the results obtained from the R&D program was not possible, supposedly because a computer was out of order. After his February 1994 visit, Mr. Rouleau tried to contact Omzar again, but was unsuccessful because he no longer had that company's telephone number.
[14] Mr. Rouleau produced a printout, dated May 6, 2007, of a CIDREQ sole proprietorship data record obtained from the Quebec registrar of businesses. The printout states that Mr. Rouleau operated a computer services business. The business name is given as Micro Arc-en-ciel, and the business is said to have begun on September 14, 1989, and to have ended on December 31, 1989. The legal status information on the printout states that Mr. Rouleau is no longer in business. The explanations that Mr. Rouleau provided at the hearing do not establish that he was operating a business in 1992. In fact, the only data pointing to the existence of a business that can be found in his 1992 income tax return pertain solely to Cablotel (Exhibit A‑5, at page 1 of the return, and the attached T5013 slip).
Analysis
[15] First of all, a few general comments should be made about the quality of the testimony of the different witnesses, and certain excerpts from this testimony should be pointed out.
[16] I find Mr. Caponi's testimony similar to the testimony considered by the late Chief Judge Garon in McKeown. I was impressed by the scope of Mr. Caponi's audit and his knowledge of the file. He analysed Omzar's bank accounts and accounting records, and, based on the various funds transfers that he was able to trace, he found that the money from the people who invested in the nine Omzar tax shelters went through "financing companies" that were tied to Omzar, and was used to finance half the cost that the investors needed to pay to acquire an interest in those tax shelters. Actually, the investors' money went into a tax shelter such as Cablotel, which then submitted it to Omzar, which, in turn, advanced the vast majority of it to the financing companies, notably Noreco. These financing companies lent the money to other investors. The money obtained by one partnership in 1992 made it possible to complete the financing of the R&D that another partnership had started in 1991. The principle at work was similar to a pyramid sales scheme: in order to finish an R&D project, it was absolutely essential to continue raising funds using other partnerships, or else there would not be enough cash to finance the R&D project fully. In January 1993, when the tax authorities discovered what had occurred, the entire scheme crumbled. It is not surprising to learn that Omzar went bankrupt. (See the statement of affairs of the bankrupt, which is dated July 6, 1995, and can be found at tab 20 of Exhibit I‑1.)
[17] It should also be mentioned that several hundred documents were tendered in evidence. Mr. Caponi's audit revealed how little attention had been devoted to the planning of these R&D programs and to the completion of the operations by the proponent Omzar and by its salaried staff and some of the professionals whose services had been retained. For example, some documents were signed by people who apparently had no authority to do so. In addition, certain transactions seem to have taken place before the prerequisites thereto. For example, Noreco declared that it held all the Cablotel shares, save one, on February 15, 1994, at the time that Cablotel sold Omzar all of its rights to the results of the R&D work done "from January 1993 to January 1996",[33] but those shares were only acquired the following day, that is to say, on February 16, 1994.[34] To cite another example, the subscription form signed by Mr. Rouleau on November 10, 1992 is attached to a copy of the partnership agreement that bears the signature of the two initial partners and is dated November 10, 1992, even though, in all likelihood, the agreement must have been signed on January 16, 1992.[35]
[18] Mr. Cusson, who testified at Mr. Rouleau's request and was one of his fellow investors in Cablotel, straightforwardly acknowledged that the only thing that interested him about Cablotel was getting tax deductions, that he was not at all interested in R&D, and that he did not expect to derive commercial benefits from this activity. His investment, like that of Mr. Rouleau, was $15,000. He said that he would not have tolerated that much exposure in such a risky business. He knew that his interest would be bought back for $7,500 a few months later —naturally, this was not a certainty, but it had happened to him before — and that this would cancel his $7,500 loan from Noreco. He would then realize his profit by obtaining a tax refund greater than his own net outlay.
[19] Mr. Cusson had participated in such tax shelters from 1989 to 1993. He not only obtained his tax refund, but also had his interest in the tax shelters bought back at a price agreed upon in advance. It should be noted that in his first investment, which dates back to 1989, Mr. Cusson laid out 100% of the cost of the investment in December 1989, but then went to collect a cheque in connection with a buyback for 50% of that cost a few weeks later in January 1990.
[20] Mr. Cusson did not know the other Cablotel partners, aside from a few colleagues from his office who had also invested in the shelter. He was not involved in any decision-making at Cablotel's partnership meetings. Mr. Loranger's appointment as manager of Cablotel freed Mr. Cusson and the other partners from managerial duties. Mr. Cusson acknowledged that he did not visit the laboratory of Omzar, to which Cablotel had entrusted the $2 million that it obtained.
[21] Mr. Cusson said that he filled out a very short questionnaire that the proponents had partners fill out in order to show that they were engaged in the activities of the partnership on a continuous, regular and substantial basis, but he was not certain whether he had received the questionnaire after the contract of assignment for the buyback of his shares in September 1993. He commented: [TRANSLATION] "Nothing about that project surprises me anymore." It must be added that the welcoming letter sent to the Cablotel partners was only sent out in July 1993, some eight or nine months following the subscription.[36]
[22] Mr. Cusson did not check how Cablotel or Omzar spent the money, nor did he verify whether the buyback price, equal to 50% of the subscription cost, represented the FMV of his interest in Cablotel. However, he acknowledged that he never thought that the buyback price could be worth more than the offered price, and did not negotiate it. Mr. Cusson accepted the Minister's 1995 settlement offer, and he acknowledged that he was naive and careless when he invested in Cablotel.
[23] Mr. Rouleau had the same information as Mr. Cusson about the buyback of his shares. He produced, as Exhibit A‑2, tab 5, the scenario that Mr. Bédard, his investment advisor, proposed to him. Here is an excerpt from this scenario:
[TRANSLATION]
Assuming an investment of
$15,000
The following amount will be returned
as a right of first refusal
$ 7,500
If there is a loan, the interest cost
until May '93 will be
$ 313
Net cost, including borrowing cost:
$ 7,813
The tax savings will be:
$10,434
+ a federal tax credit of:
that can be carried back to previous years
$0
Tax refund
$10,434
Profit, with no loan
2,934
Profit, with loan
2,622
[24] Mr. Bédard himself had invested in one of the Omzar tax shelters, namely Dreyfus Bio‑Systems, in 1990. His interest in that partnership was bought back, as planned prior to his investment. He said that he was only interested in the tax refund, not in the results of the R&D. He could not have cared less about the commercial aspect. Mr. Bédard received a 3% commission on the sale of Cablotel shares. He also confirmed that Noreco granted loans to all the Cablotel investors. He says that no one was denied a loan.
[25] In light of the findings of fact set out above, I will adopt, in very large part, the approach of the late Chief Judge Garon in McKeown. There, the Chief Judge asked the following initial question: was Cablotel a partnership? He answered this question in the negative, because "the investors in question were merely seeking substantial tax benefits and never demonstrated any intention of working together to undertake scientific research and experimental development activities. In short, they had no intention of forming a genuine partnership." (paragraph 393 of his reasons). In my opinion, this question requires greater thought before I can decide it. However, as Chief Judge Garon held at paragraphs 394 et seq., I find that Cablotel did not carry on any business:
[394] In addition, no business was carried on either by the appellant or by Commu‑Sys Enr. and Cablotel Enr. in relation to the carrying out of the research work. This case is similar to Bendall v. The Queen, supra, in which Judge Bonner stated the following:
The issue here is whether the appellant carried on a "business" within the meaning of the Income Tax Act ("Act"). That word is to be given its ordinary meaning and that meaning does not include a tax avoidance scheme which is nothing more than a pale imitation of a business. The appellant was not involved in a commercial activity either directly or through Omni as his agent. The objective evidence regarding the manner in which the scheme operated and the actions and inaction of the parties point clearly to a conclusion that both the appellant and the promoters of the scheme were indifferent to the marketing of the speed reading course and to the earning of profits from that activity. There can be no doubt that what was sought was a tax deduction which would result in a refund part of which was to go to enrich the promoters of this scheme and the remainder of which was to go to the appellant.
[Footnote omitted.]
[395] In the case at bar, no steps or requests whatsoever were taken or made to ensure that the project would be profitable. I cannot find anything suggesting that the groups in question could have been profitable. No market research survey had been done. No marketing plan had been developed. Moreover, the structure put in place was set up solely for tax purposes, as shown by the "participation program" that was established only to create the illusion that the government's criteria were being met.
[26] I would also add these comments, which I made in Waxman v. Canada, [1996] T.C.J. No. 1689 (QL), [1997] 2 C.T.C. 2723, at paragraphs 47-50, and which apply in a similar manner to the case at bar:
47 Ferme Rompré clearly had an interest in obtaining the R&D findings in order to improve the management of its own livestock. I have no doubt that the R&D program, if conducted by Ferme Rompré, would have been oriented towards its business. It seems to me that Agriboeuf's sole object was to carry out R&D projects and to pass its costs on to the limited partners so that they could deduct them in computing their incomes for tax purposes. The Act provides for R&D incentives and it is possible for a limited partnership to incur R&D expenditures for which deductions may be claimed by the limited partners. However, and this is an important proviso, all the conditions of the Act must be met and those who set up such financing arrangements must ensure that they comply not only with the spirit but also the letter of the Act.
48 I do not believe that the limited partners intended, through Agriboeuf, to operate a farming business or to share in the proceeds of the sale of the R&D findings. In any case, it is not certain that there was a market for the results of this kind of research. The limited partners were not interested in anything other than the deduction of the R&D expenditures for tax purposes and the $150-per-share selling price of their interests.
49 If it had been established that Agriboeuf did not operate a business, not only would the R&D expenditures not have been qualified expenditures for the purposes of section 37 and thus for the purposes of the investment tax credit, but there would also be the possibility that the limited partnership had not been validly constituted. One of the conditions essential to the formation of a partnership is that the partnership "should be for the common profit of the partners" (art. 1830 Civil Code of Lower Canada). In this instance, it may be questioned whether the partnership really intended to make a profit for its partners. For an example relating to a limited partnership established in a common law province, see the decision rendered by the Federal Court of Appeal in Continental Bank Leasing Corporation and Continental Bank of Canada v. The Queen, 96 D.T.C. 6355.
50 In conclusion, it is possible that Agriboeuf did not operate a farming business in 1987. However, since the Minister admitted in his reply that Agriboeuf had operated a farming business, the appellants did not have to adduce any evidence to convince me that Agriboeuf did actually operate such a business. It is therefore not appropriate in the circumstances to conclude that Agriboeuf did not operate a farming business. The appellants have thus succeeded in discharging their onus of establishing that the R&D expenditures that Agriboeuf incurred and that the Minister disallowed were all or substantially all attributable to R&D.
[27] In order for a taxpayer to be entitled to the R&D deductions under section 37 of the Act,[37] the taxpayer must be carrying on a business, and the R&D expenses must be related to a business of the taxpayer. But Cablotel was not carrying on any business because it was created solely to transfer R&D tax deductions to investors, and had no intention to carry on a business, whether by operating a cable system, reselling its technology at a profit, or licencing others to use it in exchange for royalties. And Mr. Rouleau did not personally carry on any business either.
[28] Mr. Rouleau's submission that Cablotel operated a business in 1992 is incorrect, because Omzar's conduct with respect to the various tax shelters that it put in place year after year from 1990 to 1992 was always the same. The investors' interests in the shelters were automatically bought back, without regard to FMV, even before the R&D programs were finished. In my opinion, the Omzar tax shelters, including Cablotel, never had any intention to resell, in an ordinary business context, the rights that they might have obtained as part of their R&D programs. This was simply a mechanism for transferring tax deductions to the investors while leaving the R&D results to the entity (perhaps Omzar) that might have a commercial interest in them. Consequently, Cablotel has not met the conditions that must be met under section 37 of the Act in order to be able to claim R&D expenses; its partners had no right to deduct tax losses attributable to those expenses because of paragraph 96(1)(g) of the Act;[38] and, as far as the ITCs are concerned, they were not entitled to them by reason of subsection 127(8) of the Act,[39] which computes the ITC of a partner based on the "eligible expenses" of the partnership, that is to say, the R&D expenses contemplated in paragraph 37(1)(a) or subparagraph 37(1)(b)(i) of the Act.
[29] Even if I have erred in law in finding Cablotel carried on no business, and even if one assumes that Cablotel is a genuine partnership, Mr. Rouleau's appeal still cannot succeed because he was a limited partner within the meanings of subsections 96(2.2) and (2.4) of the Act. Once again, I adopt the same analysis that Chief Judge Garon adopted in McKeown:
[403] Based on the parties' arguments and the evidence, the appellant cannot be considered to have been a limited partner in the two partnerships in question under the Income Tax Act unless subsection 96(2.4) of the Act is applicable to him. That subsection reads as follows:
(2.4) For the purposes of this section and sections 111 and 127, a taxpayer who is a member of a partnership at a particular time is a limited partner of that partnership at that time if his partnership interest is not an exempt interest at that time (within the meaning assigned by subsection (2.5)) and if, at that time or within three years after that time,
(a) by operation of any law which governs the partnership arrangement, the liability of the taxpayer in his capacity as a member of the partnership, is limited;
(b) the taxpayer or a person with whom the taxpayer does not deal at arm's length is entitled to receive an amount or obtain a benefit that would be described in paragraph (2.2)(d) if it were read without reference to subparagraphs (ii) and (vi) thereof;
(c) one of the reasons for the existence of the taxpayer who owns the interest
(i) may reasonably be considered to be to limit the liability of any other person with respect to that interest, and
(ii) may not reasonably be considered to be to permit any person who has an interest in the taxpayer to carry on his business (other than an investment business) in the most effective manner; or
(d) there is an agreement or other arrangement for the disposition of an interest in the partnership and one of the main reasons for the agreement or arrangement may reasonably be considered to be to attempt to avoid the application of this subsection to the taxpayer.
[404] First of all, a person who has an exempt interest is not a limited partner. It was not argued that the interest the appellant may have had in the partnerships was an exempt interest within the meaning of subsection 96(2.5) of the Act. Paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d) of subsection 96(2.4) of the Act are the only provisions that may be applicable to the appellant.
[405] It follows that a member is a limited partner at a particular time if one or more of the conditions set out in paragraphs 96(2.4)(a), (b), (c) and (d) of the Act are met at that time or within three years after that time.
[406] Here, in view of the facts of this case, it seems to me that only the application of paragraph 96(2.4)(b) need be considered. That paragraph refers to paragraph 96(2.2)(d) but states that it must be read without reference to subparagraphs (ii) and (vi) thereof.
[407] The relevant part of paragraph 96(2.2)(d) of the Act reads as follows:
96(2.2) For the purposes of this section . . . the at-risk amount of a taxpayer, in respect of a partnership of which he is a limited partner, at any particular time is the amount, if any, by which the aggregate of
. . .
exceeds the aggregate of
. . .
(d) where the taxpayer . . . is entitled, either immediately or in the future and either absolutely or contingently, to receive or obtain any amount or benefit, whether by way of reimbursement, compensation, revenue guarantee or proceeds of disposition or in any other form or manner whatever, granted or to be granted for the purpose of reducing the impact, in whole or in part, of any loss that the taxpayer may sustain by reason of being a member of the partnership or by reason of holding or disposing of an interest in the partnership, the amount or benefit, as the case may be, that the taxpayer . . . is or will be so entitled to receive or obtain, except to the extent that . . . the entitlement arises
. . .
(iv) by virtue of an agreement under which the taxpayer may dispose of the partnership interest for an amount not exceeding its fair market value, determined without reference to the agreement, at the time of the disposition.
It follows from paragraphs 96(2.4)(b) and 96(2.2)(d) (subject to the restriction I have just referred to in the case of the latter) that a member is a limited partner where, at the time in question or within three years after that time, the member is entitled to receive or obtain, in any form or manner whatever, any amount or benefit referred to in paragraph 96(2.2)(d) if that amount or benefit is granted or to be granted "for the purpose of reducing the impact, in whole or in part, of any loss that the taxpayer may sustain by reason of being a member of the partnership or by reason of holding or disposing of an interest in the partnership".
[408] According to the respondent, the appellant had such an entitlement because it [TRANSLATION] "was anticipated and planned, at least tacitly, that the investors would dispose of their shares for a fixed amount exceeding their fair market value, which amount was determined in advance without reference to the value at the time of the disposition". However, the appellant asserted that no representation was made to him—either before or at the time he purchased his shares in Commu-Sys Enr. and Cablotel Enr.—that his shares would be redeemed. He also testified that, at the end of the summer of 1993, he received an offer from Loron Inc. to buy his shares in Commu-Sys Enr. and an offer from Noreco Inc. to buy his shares in Cablotel Enr. The agreements by which the appellant transferred the shares in question to Loron Inc. and Noreco Inc. are dated December 20, 1993, and February 16, 1994, respectively. I am reproducing below the main clauses of the transfer agreement between the appellant and Loron Inc., the appellant's transfer agreement with Noreco Inc. being for all practical purposes identical:
[TRANSLATION]
TRANSFER AGREEMENT ENTERED INTO THIS 20TH DAY OF DECEMBER 1993
. . .
1. I, the undersigned, a member of Commu-Sys (hereinafter "the partnership"), hereby sell, assign and transfer to:
Loron Inc., 6555 Boulevard Métropolitain est, Suite 502, St‑Léonard, Quebec H1P 3[sic] 3 (the transferee), 250 shares in the partnership, representing all my rights and interest as a member of the partnership, including but not limited to all rights in the intellectual property arising out of the research and development project carried out for the partnership and the right to exploit and market any result of the project, and I agree and undertake to sign and give to the transferee any document that is necessary or useful to effect a valid transfer of the said shares and any rights associated therewith.
2. This sale is being made in consideration of the sum of twelve thousand five hundred dollars ($12,500.00), which represents, to the best of the parties' knowledge, the fair market value of the shares sold, the said consideration being payable as follows:
- reduction, by way of compensation, of a loan made by the transferee to the transferor, the said loan having been evidenced in writing in a document dated December 20, 1991.
3. Transferor's declaration and warranty
The transferor declares and warrants to the transferee that he is the sole owner of the shares transferred hereunder and that he holds a clear and absolute title to the shares by virtue of which title he is able to transfer them to the transferee free and clear of any option, pledge or other security whatsoever.
4. . . .
5. . . .
[409] Given the facts of this case, I must determine whether, in the case of the redemption of the appellant's shares in Commu-Sys Enr. and Cablotel Enr. by Loron Inc. and Noreco Inc., the consideration for the share transfer—which consideration consisted in the cancellation of the appellant's debts resulting from the loans made to him by those two finance companies—could have been an amount or benefit for him under paragraphs 96(2.4)(b) and 96(2.2)(d) of the Act. The extinguishment of the appellant's debts to the two finance companies could have constituted a benefit for him if it was possible that his shares in Commu‑Sys Enr. and Cablotel Enr. were worth less than the debts in question.
[410] However, there are exceptions to the rule set out in paragraph 96(2.2)(d) of the Act. The Court's attention was drawn only to subparagraph (iv) of that paragraph, whic