Hydro-Québec v. Matta

Hydro-Québec v. Matta
Collection
Supreme Court Judgments
Date
2020-11-13
Neutral citation
2020 SCC 37
Report
[2020] 3 SCR 595
Case number
38254
Judges
Wagner, Richard; Abella, Rosalie Silberman; Moldaver, Michael J.; Karakatsanis, Andromache; Côté, Suzanne; Brown, Russell; Martin, Sheilah
On appeal from
Quebec
Notes
Case in Brief SCC Case Information
Decision Content
SUPREME COURT OF CANADA
Citation: Hydro-Québec v. Matta, 2020 SCC 37, [2020] 3 S.C.R. 595
Appeal Heard: December 10, 2019 Judgment Rendered: November 13, 2020 Docket: 38254
Between:
Hydro-Québec
Appellant
and
Louise Matta, Claude Ouellet, Christiane Léveillé, Diane Ouellet, Patrick Léveillé, Josée Léveillé et Entreprises Caslon Inc.
Respondents
- and -
Attorney General of Quebec and Canadian Electricity Association
Interveners
Official English Translation
Coram: Wagner C.J. and Abella, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Côté, Brown and Martin JJ.
Reasons for Judgment: (paras. 1 to 68)
Côté J. (Wagner C.J. and Abella, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Brown and Martin JJ. concurring)
Hydro-Québec Appellant
v.
Louise Matta,
Claude Ouellet,
Christiane Léveillé,
Diane Ouellet,
Patrick Léveillé,
Josée Léveillé and
Entreprises Caslon Inc. Respondents
and
Attorney General of Quebec and
Canadian Electricity Association Interveners
Indexed as: Hydro-Québec v. Matta
2020 SCC 37
File No.: 38254.
2019: December 10; 2020: November 13.
Present: Wagner C.J. and Abella, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Côté, Brown and Martin JJ.
on appeal from the court of appeal for quebec
Property — Real rights — Servitudes — Conventional servitudes — Electrical transmission lines — Hydro‑Québec project to construct new electrical transmission line — Construction of new line to be routed in part through lots on which Hydro‑Québec already had servitudes established for another line — Owners of lots objecting that rights arising from established servitudes did not permit construction of new line — Whether Hydro‑Québec can develop and modernize its system on basis of rights it holds under decades‑old servitudes that were established for specific construction projects.
On March 13, 2015, the Régie de l’énergie du Québec authorized Hydro‑Québec to construct a proposed electrical transmission line between the Chamouchouane transformer substation in Saguenay‑Lac‑St‑Jean and the Bout‑de‑l’Île transformer substation in Montréal. Hydro‑Québec realized that it would be easier to run the line through a corridor where it already had servitudes that had been established in the 1970s for a transmission line between the Jacques‑Cartier substation near Québec and the Duvernay substation in Laval. Hydro‑Québec’s acquisition of those servitudes had involved two steps. Having been authorized by order in council to acquire them by expropriation, it had first served and published notices of expropriation, after which it had signed, with the then owners, notarial agreements that described the servitudes being established and provided for various indemnities that would be payable, including for any work that might be carried out on the servient land.
Hydro‑Québec claimed that these servitudes authorized it to route up to three electrical transmission lines through the servient land. The current owners of the lots contested this claim; they submitted that the rights arising from the servitudes acquired when the Jacques-Cartier-Duvernay line was constructed were limited to that one line only. They denied Hydro‑Québec’s employees access to their lots. Hydro‑Québec then applied for an injunction. The owners considered the proceedings abusive. In a cross‑application, they sought damages for unauthorized use of the servitudes following a reconfiguration of the Jacques-Cartier-Duvernay line in the 1980s and for hardship and inconvenience caused by the existing infrastructure. The proceeding was split so as to have the hearing of the cross‑application postponed to a later date, depending on the outcome on the issue of the scope of the servitudes.
The trial judge ruled in Hydro‑Québec’s favour. He found that the servitudes at issue had originally been acquired by expropriation, but that the subsequent agreements had clarified their purpose and scope. In his view, the agreements were clear: they authorized Hydro‑Québec to erect three electrical transmission lines no matter what the origin or the destination of the electricity was. Having concluded that the servitudes established in favour of Hydro‑Québec authorized it to place three electrical transmission lines on the owners’ lots, the trial judge granted the injunction and dismissed the cross‑application.
The Court of Appeal allowed the owners’ appeal. It remarked that the trial judge’s decision to dismiss the cross‑application had been ultra petita, as the splitting of the proceeding meant that that matter had not been before him. In the Court of Appeal’s view, the servitudes at issue had been acquired by expropriation and should be characterized as servitudes established by operation of law. Their scope therefore had to be analyzed in light of the limits imposed by the order in council that authorized them. The Court of Appeal accordingly concluded that Hydro‑Québec could not rely on the servitudes in its favour for the construction of the new line and that it had to proceed by way of new expropriations or agreements.
Held: The appeal should be allowed.
All the conclusions of the trial judge’s decision are restored, except the one dismissing the cross‑application. The case is remanded to the Superior Court for hearing of the cross‑application. The power line servitudes in favour of Hydro‑Québec are not limited to the Jacques-Cartier-Duvernay Line; they authorize Hydro‑Québec to route a second electrical transmission line through the owners’ lots.
The trial judge was correct in characterizing the post‑expropriation agreements as servitude agreements. The order in council, the notices of expropriation and the agreements are different types of documents, and it is important to distinguish them from one another. An order in council is an administrative act for the purpose of authorizing the exercise of the power to deprive a property owner of the enjoyment of the attributes of his or her right of ownership. Filing a notice of expropriation and the documents related to it is an administrative act that establishes and individualizes the servitude. As for the agreement, it relates to the ordinary exercise of civil rights and to the private law rules of contract. A servitude acquired by expropriation is, according to the classification set out in art. 1181 of the Civil Code of Québec, established by operation of law. This being the case, neither the law nor public order bars the expropriating party and the expropriated party from clarifying or modifying such a servitude by mutual agreement: notices of expropriation thus do not preclude parties from negotiating conventional servitudes. It must be presumed that the servitude agreement, if entered into after the notice of expropriation, contains a more faithful definition of the scope and terms for exercise of the servitude of public utility than does the notice of expropriation. Servitude agreements are subject to the rules applicable to the interpretation of contracts. If their words are clear, effect must be given to the clearly expressed intention of the parties.
In the case at bar, the agreements at issue include a complete description of the servitudes, adding some details that do not appear in the notices of expropriation. In these circumstances, the agreements are the titles to which the owners of the servient land and the dominant land must refer in exercising their respective rights. Because the agreements are clear, the scope of the servitudes must be determined in light of their words. The agreements do not mention any restrictions regarding the origin or destination of the electricity. The servitudes are therefore not limited to the line between the Jacques‑Cartier and Duvernay substations. The servitudes on the owners’ lots authorize Hydro‑Québec to construct the Chamouchouane-Bout-de-l’Île line.
Furthermore, the servitudes concern the lines crossing the servient land, not the substations located at either end of those lines. There is nothing in the words of the agreements that would explicitly or implicitly prevent Hydro‑Québec from redirecting one of its lines toward another substation. The right to operate electrical transmission lines includes the right to make modifications such as the one that was made in the reconfiguration of the Jacques-Cartier-Duvernay line.
Hydro‑Québec’s proceedings are not abusive. It sought to use the servitudes that had been granted to it by the owners’ predecessors in title and had been published in the land register. The owners were presumed to be aware of the rights granted by these servitudes. They nonetheless blocked construction of the new electrical transmission line and forced Hydro‑Québec to seek injunction orders. It is not up to Hydro‑Québec to pay for the steps they took.
Cases Cited
Approved: Michaud et Simard Inc. v. Commission hydro‑électrique de Québec, [1982] C.A. 169; referred to: Housen v. Nikolaisen, 2002 SCC 33, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 235; Benhaim v. St‑Germain, 2016 SCC 48, [2016] 2 S.C.R. 352; H.L. v. Canada (Attorney General), 2005 SCC 25, [2005] 1 S.C.R. 401; Salomon v. Matte‑Thompson, 2019 SCC 14, [2019] 1 S.C.R. 729; J.G. v. Nadeau, 2016 QCCA 167; Schwartz v. Canada, [1996] 1 S.C.R. 254; Quebec (Director of Criminal and Penal Prosecutions) v. Jodoin, 2017 SCC 26, [2017] 1 S.C.R. 478; Modern Cleaning Concept Inc. v. Comité paritaire de l’entretien d’édifices publics de la région de Québec, 2019 SCC 28, [2019] 2 S.C.R. 406; Uniprix inc. v. Gestion Gosselin et Bérubé inc., 2017 SCC 43, [2017] 2 S.C.R. 59; Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corp. v. Hydro-Québec, 2018 SCC 46, [2018] 3 S.C.R. 101; Lorraine (Ville) v. 2646‑8926 Québec inc., 2018 SCC 35, [2018] 2 S.C.R. 577; Domaine de la rivière inc. v. Aluminium du Canada ltée, [1996] R.D.I. 6; Sani Sport inc. v. Hydro‑Québec, 2008 QCCA 2498, [2009] R.J.Q. 26; Centre de distribution intégré (CDI) inc. v. Développements Olymbec inc., 2015 QCCA 1463, 59 R.P.R. (5th) 1; 151692 Canada inc. v. Centre de loisirs de Pierrefonds enr., 2005 QCCA 376, [2005] R.D.I. 237.
Statutes and Regulations Cited
Civil Code of Québec, arts. 298 to 303, 1181, 1182, 1425, 2807, 2941.
Décret 720‑2016, (2016) 148 G.O. 35, 4927.
Décret 899‑80.
Décret 3360‑72.
Hydro‑Québec Act, CQLR, c. H‑5, ss. 3, 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 22, 29 paras. 1 and 2, 33(3)(b), 35.
Hydro‑Quebec Act, R.S.Q. 1964, c. 86, ss. 29 para. 6, 33.
Watercourses Act, R.S.Q. 1964, c. 84, s. 19.
Watercourses Act, CQLR, c. R‑13.
Authors Cited
Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, t. 1, 8e éd. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1932, “cession”.
Garant, Patrice, avec la collaboration de Philippe Garant et Jérôme Garant. Droit administratif, 7e éd. Montréal: Yvon Blais, 2017.
Grand Larousse de la langue française, t. 1. Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1971, “cession”.
Issalys, Pierre, et Denis Lemieux. L’action gouvernementale: Précis de droit des institutions administratives, 4e éd. Montréal: Yvon Blais, 2020.
Lafond, Pierre‑Claude. Précis de droit des biens, 2e éd. Montréal: Thémis, 2007.
Lamontagne, Denys‑Claude. Biens et propriété, 8e éd. Cowansville, Que.: Yvon Blais, 2018.
Normand, Sylvio. Introduction au droit des biens, 3e éd. Montréal: Wilson & Lafleur, 2020.
Québec. Portail Québec. Thésaurus de l’activité gouvernementale (online: http://www.thesaurus.gouv.qc.ca/tag/terme.do?id=16953; archived version: https://www.scc-csc.ca/cso-dce/2020SCC-CSC37_1_fra.pdf), “électricité patrimoniale”.
Robert, Paul. Dictionnaire alphabétique & analogique de la langue française. Paris: Société du nouveau Littré, 1976, “céder”, “cession”.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Quebec Court of Appeal (Morissette, Healy and Roy JJ.A.), 2018 QCCA 838, [2018] AZ‑51497339, [2018] J.Q. no 4456 (QL), 2018 CarswellQue 4246 (WL Can.), setting aside a decision of Sansfaçon J., 2017 QCCS 2347, [2018] AZ‑51398055, [2018] J.Q. no 7214 (QL), 2018 CarswellQue 4610 (WL Can.). Appeal allowed.
Claude Marseille and Ariane Bisaillon, for the appellant.
Vincent Karim and Ricardo Hrtschan, for the respondents.
Stéphane Rochette, for the intervener the Attorney General of Quebec.
David Outerbridge and Stacey Reisman, for the intervener the Canadian Electricity Association.
English version of the judgment of the Court delivered by
Côté J. —
I. Overview
[1] Electricity is increasingly ubiquitous in our lives today . . . and in our land registers.
[2] The appellant operates the largest electrical power system in North America, with more than 34,000 km of transmission lines. The benefits to Quebecers are many, and the acts of servitude that form the legal framework for this system are just as numerous. There are reportedly 37,405 such servitudes in total, including many that were established a long time ago. Can the appellant develop and modernize its system on the basis of rights it holds under decades‑old servitudes that were established for specific construction projects? That is the question raised by this appeal.
[3] In a context in which Quebecers’ energy needs are growing and the sources of electricity generation are changing, the appellant must adapt its system to ensure that its service remains reliable and safe. The 1998 ice storm was particularly revealing: major load centres can be especially vulnerable, hence the need for more and more lines and interconnections.
[4] In recent years, the appellant designed a proposed electrical transmission line that would make it possible to reinforce the power supply to the metropolitan loop of Greater Montréal and address a significant increase in demand in Terrebonne. This line was originally supposed to run from the Chamouchouane transformer substation in the Saguenay‑Lac‑Saint‑Jean region to the Bout‑de‑l’Île transformer substation in Montréal. But it was subsequently decided that the line would be routed to the Judith‑Jasmin substation in Terrebonne and that a link would be constructed between that substation and the Bout‑de‑l’Île substation. The estimated cost of the project is $1.34 billion.
[5] In planning the route to be taken by the Chamouchouane‑Bout‑de‑l’Île line, the appellant realized that it would be easier to run the line through a corridor in the southern part of the province where it already had servitudes. These servitudes had been established in the 1970s for a transmission line between the Jacques‑Cartier substation near Québec and the Duvernay substation in Laval. The land making up this corridor included lots belonging to the respondents.
[6] The appellant held public information sessions and notified the affected individuals in writing of what its project would entail. Its employees went to the respondents’ lots in order to conduct surveying and clearing work, but were denied access to them. The appellant then applied for an injunction, the merits of which the respondents have challenged, arguing, among other things, that the servitudes established in the 1970s are valid only for the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line and do not permit the construction of a new line.
II. The Parties
A. The Appellant
[7] The appellant operates a public enterprise constituted under the Hydro‑Québec Act, CQLR, c. H‑5, that is engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The transmission component of its undertaking consists in sending power produced in its hydroelectric power plants to transformer substations through high‑voltage lines. At the substations, voltage is “stepped down” so that the electricity can be distributed to places where it will be consumed: this is the distribution component.
[8] As a mandatary of the government, the appellant is required to supply power and to supply Quebecers with heritage pool electricity:[1] Hydro‑Québec Act, ss. 3.1.1 and 22. It has, besides the special rights and powers conferred upon it by law, all those pertaining to legal persons in general, such as the capacity to enter into contracts and to possess property: Hydro‑Québec Act, ss. 3 and 3.1.2; Civil Code of Québec (“C.C.Q.”), arts. 298 to 303. It may construct, purchase or lease any immovables required in order to transmit or distribute power: Hydro‑Québec Act, s. 29 paras. 1 and 2.[2] It may also, with the authorization of the government, acquire by expropriation any immovable or servitude required for the generation, transmission or distribution of power, even before the execution of the proposed work is authorized: Hydro‑Québec Act, ss. 33(3)(b) and 35.
B. The Respondents
[9] The respondents are the owners of lots on which the appellant claims to hold servitudes that authorize it to construct electrical transmission lines.
III. Background
A. Construction of the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay Line and Establishment of the Servitudes at Issue
[10] The servitudes at issue were established in the 1970s in connection with the construction of the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line. The sequence of events surrounding their establishment involved three documents — an order in council, notices of expropriation, and agreements — large excerpts of which are reproduced below to elucidate the decisions of the courts below and the arguments raised by the parties.
(1) Order in Council 3360‑72
[11] On November 8, 1972, the government issued Order in Council 3360‑72, which authorizes the appellant to obtain, by mutual agreement or by expropriation, any immovable property and real rights it needs in order to construct power transmission and distribution lines between the Jacques‑Cartier and Duvernay substations. The key portions of this order in council read as follows:
[translation]
IN THE MATTER OF authorization for Hydro‑Quebec to construct electrical transmission and distribution lines between the Jacques‑Cartier transformer substation and the Duvernay transformer substation and to acquire the immovable property and real rights required for this purpose.
WHEREAS section 33 of the “Hydro‑Quebec Act” (R.S.Q. 1964, chapter 86, as amended) provides that Hydro‑Quebec may “acquire by expropriation any immoveable, servitude or construction required for the exploitation of waterpowers held by the Commission or for the generation, transmission or distribution of power”;
WHEREAS Hydro‑Quebec wishes to construct the electrical power transformer substations, high‑voltage or other electrical power transmission and distribution lines, communications networks of any kind, access roads and buildings required for the construction and operation of the said lines between the Jacques‑Cartier transformer substation and the Duvernay transformer substation . . .
. . .
WHEREAS Hydro‑Quebec asks that the Lieutenant‑Governor in Council authorize it to acquire, by mutual agreement or by expropriation and prior possession, the immoveables and real rights it needs for the above‑mentioned purposes,
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, on a proposal of the Minister of Natural Resources:
THAT Hydro‑Quebec be authorized to construct electrical power transformer substations, high‑voltage or other electrical transmission and distribution lines, communications networks of any kind, access roads and buildings required for the construction and operation of the said lines between the Jacques‑Cartier transformer substation and the Duvernay transformer substation, and to acquire by mutual agreement, if it deems that appropriate, or by expropriation and prior possession with filing of plans at the registry office, if it deems that more appropriate, the immoveables or real rights it needs for the purposes set out above, on the land, farms or lots located in the parishes . . . .
(2) Notices of Expropriation and Documents Related to Them
[12] Having obtained the authorizations it needed by way of Order in Council 3360‑72, the appellant acquired, by expropriation, the servitudes required for the construction of the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line. Following the procedure that applied at that time, it served on the owners — and published at the registry office — notices of expropriation and prior possession (“notices of expropriation”), plans, and overall assessment certificates for the expropriated real rights. The lots currently owned by the respondents were all affected by these expropriation procedures.
[13] The notices of expropriation were all composed similarly. They read as follows:
[translation] The Quebec Hydro‑Electric Commission, acting pursuant to the powers conferred upon it by the Hydro‑Quebec Act (R.S.Q. 1964, chapter 86, as amended) and by the Code of Civil Procedure and duly authorized by Order in Council number 3360‑72 of November 8, 1972, hereby files general plan number . . . for the purpose of obtaining the perpetual real rights of servitude it needs for the construction, operation and maintenance of one (or more) 735‑kV electrical transmission line(s), JACQUES‑CARTIER–DUVERNAY, together with an overall assessment certificate.
The said perpetual real rights of servitude consist of:
a) a right to place, replace, maintain and operate, on the said servient land, one or more high‑ or low‑voltage electrical transmission line(s), and communication lines, including towers and/or poles with the necessary footings, wires, cables, counterweights, anchor rods, guy lines and any other necessary or useful accessories;
b) a right to cut, prune, remove and destroy, in any manner whatsoever and at any time, on the said servient land, any trees, shrubs, branches and bushes, and to remove any objects that may be found there;
c) a right to move about on the said servient land at any time, on foot or in a vehicle of any kind, in order to exercise any right granted to it hereunder;
d) a right to cut, prune and remove any trees located outside the said servient land that could impede or interfere with the functioning, construction, replacement or maintenance of the said line(s), and, for these purposes, to move about on the land adjacent to the said servient land; and
e) a prohibition against any person erecting any construction or structure on, above or under the said servient land, except for the erection of dividing fences and their gates, and against modifying the current elevation of this servient land.
In accordance with section 19 of the Watercourses Act (R.S.Q 1964, chapter 84, as amended), the said perpetual real rights of servitude are created in favour of the dominant land constituted by the electrical transmission line(s) to be erected on the servient land consisting of the immovables indicated in red on the above-mentioned general plan.
(A.R., at pp. 149‑50)
(3) Agreements
[14] After serving and publishing the notices of expropriation, the appellant signed notarial agreements (“agreements” or “agreements at issue”) with the respondents’ predecessors in title. Among other things, these agreements describe the servitudes established in favour of the appellant, identify the servient land and the dominant land, and fix the amounts of the indemnities payable for the acquired servitudes and for any work that might be carried out on the servient land.
[15] The agreements in question, which were also published at the registry office, differ from one another in only a few details relating, for example, to the amount of the indemnity or to dates. Only one of them says nothing about the number of lines authorized on the servient land; all the other agreements limit this number to three. Their wording conforms to the following template:
[translation]
Before . . . notary for the Province of Quebec . . . .
APPEARED:
Mr. . . .
hereinafter called the “OWNER”;
AND:
The QUEBEC HYDRO‑ELECTRIC COMMISSION (HYDRO‑QUEBEC), a corporation duly constituted under the “Hydro‑Quebec Act” (R.S.Q. 1964, chapter 86, as amended) . . . the said Quebec Hydro‑Electric Commission being duly authorized for the purposes of this agreement by order of the Lieutenant‑Governor in Council number 3360‑72, dated November 8, 1972.
hereinafter called the “COMMISSION”;
WHICH PARTIES, prior to the acquittance and the agreements which are the subject hereof, do declare as follows:
1. The COMMISSION, acting pursuant to the powers conferred upon it by the Hydro‑Quebec Act (R.S.Q. 1964, chapter 86, as amended) and by the Code of Civil Procedure, has become the owner, by expropriation, of the perpetual real rights of servitude required for the construction, replacement, maintenance and operation, on, above and under the servient land hereinafter described belonging to the OWNER, of one (or more) electrical transmission line(s) and of communication lines, by the deposit of a plan and the other documents prescribed by the Act, in the office of the registration division of . . . .
2. The said perpetual real rights of servitude consist of:
(a) a right to place, replace, maintain and operate, on the said servient land, three (3) high‑ or low‑voltage electrical transmission line(s), and communication lines, including towers and/or poles with the necessary footings, wires, cables, counterweights, anchor rods, guy lines and any other necessary or useful accessories;
(b) a right to cut, prune, remove and destroy, in any manner whatsoever and at any time, on the said servient land, any trees, shrubs, branches and bushes, and to remove any objects that may be found there;
(c) a right to move about on the said servient land, on foot or in a vehicle of any kind, in order to exercise any right granted to it hereunder;
(d) a right to cut, prune and remove any trees located outside the said servient land that could impede or interfere with the functioning, construction, replacement or maintenance of the said line(s), and, for these purposes, to move about on the land adjacent to the said servient land; and
(e) a prohibition against any person erecting any construction or structure on, above or under the said servient land, except for the erection of dividing fences and their gates, and changing the current elevation of this servient land.
3. In accordance with section 19 of the Watercourses Act (R.S.Q 1964, chapter 84, as amended), the dominant land in whose favour the above-mentioned rights have thus been established as a perpetual real servitude consists in the electrical transmission line(s) erected or to be erected on the said servient land.
4. The servient land on which the above‑mentioned rights have thus been established as a perpetual real servitude consists in the following immovable, namely:
. . .
7. The total indemnity owed to the OWNER as a result of the expropriation of the above‑mentioned perpetual real rights of servitude has been fixed by mutual agreement between the parties in the amount of . . . in full and final settlement of any amounts owed for any reason whatsoever.
THESE FACTS BEING DECLARED, the parties hereto make the following declarations and agreements:
ACQUITTANCE
The OWNER hereby acknowledges that the above‑mentioned perpetual real rights of servitude affecting the servient land described above have been duly expropriated by the COMMISSION and that he has today received from the latter, to his entire satisfaction, the amount of . . . representing the indemnity mutually agreed upon between the OWNER and the COMMISSION, in full and final payment of any amount owed for any reason whatsoever, by the COMMISSION, further to the aforesaid expropriation, WHEREOF FULL AND FINAL ACQUITTANCE.
As a consequence of the aforesaid payment, the parties hereto require the Registrar to mention this agreement wherever doing so is necessary.
This indemnity takes into account, among other things, the value of the above‑mentioned perpetual real rights of servitude and of the depreciation of the residual part of the said immovable, and covers the value of any timber situated at any time on the said servient land, which timber may be retrieved by the OWNER, in whole or in part, at his or her own expense and risk, as and when it is cut down, provided that it has not otherwise been used by the COMMISSION or its agents for the purposes of its undertaking.
Furthermore, this indemnity takes into account zero (0) hole(s) dug and used for towers, poles, guy lines and anchor rods placed or to be placed on the said servient land, as well as the existence of such towers, poles, guy lines and anchor rods.
Should the COMMISSION place a larger number of towers, poles, guy lines and anchor rods on the said servient land, it shall pay, once the work has in each case been completed, to the person who is the owner of the said servient land at that time, the additional indemnity set out below, calculated as follows:
. . .
CONVEYANCE
In consideration of the said indemnity, the OWNER also hereby conveys and transfers to the COMMISSION, accepting, for all legal purposes and insofar as they may be needed, the above-mentioned perpetual real rights of servitude in the servient land described above, in favour of the dominant land described above.
CONDITION
The COMMISSION shall pay all costs related to this agreement, its registration and the necessary copies, including one copy for the OWNER.
INTERPRETIVE CLAUSES
. . .
2. All the clauses, conditions, obligations and agreements stipulated herein shall benefit and be binding on the OWNER’s representatives, successors and assigns by particular or general title.
(A.R., at pp. 179‑84)
[16] Having acquired the servitudes, the appellant went ahead with the construction of the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line.
B. Reconfiguration of the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay Line
[17] In the early 1980s, the appellant reconfigured the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line to carry electricity from dams in northwestern Quebec southward. The electricity, which until then had come from hydroelectric power plants on the North Shore through the Jacques‑Cartier substation, would from then on come from James Bay plants through the La Vérendrye substation.
[18] The Quebec government authorized new expropriations by Order in Council 899-80 of March 26, 1980. These measures did not affect the respondents’ lots. No changes were made to the existing infrastructure. Only the origin of the electrons changed. The transmission line passing through the respondents’ lots was no longer the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line, but the La Vérendrye-Duvernay line. Up until the time of the trial, the respondents were unaware that a reconfiguration had taken place.
C. Construction of the Chamouchouane‑Bout‑de‑l’Île Line
[19] On March 13, 2015, the Régie de l’énergie du Québec authorized a proposed electrical transmission line between the Chamouchouane and Bout-de-l’Île substations. This time, the construction of the new line had obvious, tangible repercussions on the respondents’ lots. It involved routing a second electrical transmission line through them.
[20] By Order in Council 720‑2016, (2016) 148 G.O. 35, 4927, of August 9, 2016, the government authorized the appellant to go ahead with the required expropriations. The respondents’ lots were excluded from the scope of the order in council. According to the appellant, the servitudes granted in the 1970s allowed it to route up to three lines through the respondents’ lots, which meant that the project did not require any new expropriations there. The respondents disagreed with this interpretation, taking the view that the rights arising from the servitudes established when the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line was constructed were limited to that one line only.
[21] The appellant then applied for an injunction and obtained a safeguard order as well as interlocutory injunctions, to remain in force pending judgment in its application for a permanent injunction. In a cross‑application, the respondents sought damages for unauthorized use of the servitudes following the reconfiguration of the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line and for hardship and inconvenience caused by the existing infrastructure. On November 17, 2016, the parties had the proceeding split so as to have the hearing of the cross-application postponed to a later date, depending on the outcome on the issue of the scope of the servitudes: see 2018 QCCA 838, at para. 5 (CanLII).
IV. Judicial History
A. Quebec Superior Court (Sansfaçon J.), 2017 QCCS 2347
[22] At trial, Sansfaçon J. ruled in favour of the appellant. He found that the servitudes at issue had originally been acquired by expropriation (para. 24 (CanLII)), but that the subsequent agreements had clarified their purpose and scope while also recording the amounts of the indemnities that were paid and the fact that acquittances had been given: paras. 6‑7 and 38.
[23] In the trial judge’s opinion, the solution to the dispute could be found in the description of the servitudes set out in the notices of expropriation and the agreements, and there was nothing in that description that limited the appellant’s rights to the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line (paras. 28‑29 and 38). He found that the reference to the construction of that line in the preamble to the notices of expropriation had no impact on the scope of the servitudes: paras. 34 and 36. In his view, the agreements were clear and left no room for doubt in this regard: they authorized the appellant to erect three electrical transmission lines (or more, in some cases) and did not mention the origin or the destination of the electricity (para. 38).
[24] Sansfaçon J. rejected the argument regarding unauthorized use of the servitudes following the reconfiguration of the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line on the basis that the notices of expropriation and the agreements contained no restrictions in this regard: paras. 41‑43. He noted in passing that this work had in no way affected the respondents’ lots or the servitudes at issue: paras. 41‑42.
[25] Having concluded that the appellant benefited from servitudes authorizing it to place three electrical transmission lines on the respondents’ lots, and therefore to proceed with the construction of the Chamouchouane‑Bout‑de‑l’Île line, he granted the injunction and dismissed the cross‑application.
B. Quebec Court of Appeal (Morissette, Healy and Roy JJ.A.), 2018 QCCA 838
[26] The Court of Appeal allowed the respondents’ appeal. It remarked at the outset that Sansfaçon J.’s decision to dismiss the cross‑application had been ultra petita, as the splitting of the proceeding meant that that matter had no longer been before him: paras. 2, 5‑6 and 38.
[27] In the Court of Appeal’s view, the servitudes at issue had been acquired by expropriation and should therefore be characterized as servitudes established by operation of law: paras. 17‑18. This led the Court of Appeal to find that the agreements should be analyzed in light of the limits imposed by Order in Council 3360‑72 and that the scope of the servitudes did not extend beyond what had been authorized by that order in council: para. 18. Noting that the existence of a notice of expropriation does not preclude the negotiation of conventional servitudes, the court stated that the agreements entered into in this case should not be characterized in that way, given that they referred to servitudes that had been acquired by expropriation: para. 21.
[28] The Court of Appeal expressed the opinion that the appellant could not rely on the servitudes in its favour for the construction of the new Chamouchouane‑Bout‑de‑l’Île line, because [translation] “Order in Council 3360‑72, the plan, the notices of expropriation and prior possession, the agreements and the acquittances all refer to servitudes for the construction of transmission lines between Jacques‑Cartier and Duvernay”: para. 22. Having found that Order in Council 720‑2016 of August 9, 2016 empowered the appellant to acquire servitudes by expropriation, the court invited the appellant to proceed by way of new expropriations or agreements: para. 24.
[29] The Court of Appeal rejected the respondents’ argument that the reconfiguration of the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line had resulted in a substitution for the dominant land: para. 29. It nonetheless determined that, since the reconfiguration, the appellant had been using the servitudes in its favour for a purpose other than the one provided for in the acts establishing them: para. 37. The court referred the matter of monetary compensation to the judge who would be hearing the cross‑application.
C. Quebec Court of Appeal (Savard J.A.), 2018 QCCA 1189
[30] The appellant announced that it intended to appeal to this Court, and applied for a stay of the Court of Appeal’s judgment. The respondents pointed out that their proceedings were intended not to prevent the Chamouchouane‑Bout‑de‑l’Île line from being completed, but to obtain financial compensation. Savard J.A. ordered a stay, noting that other owners in the same situation were relying on the Court of Appeal’s judgment to prevent the appellant from going ahead with its work.
V. Issues
[31] This appeal raises the following issues:
A. Did the Quebec Court of Appeal err by reassessing the evidence?
B. Are the power line servitudes in favour of the appellant limited to the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line?
C. Was the appellant’s reconfiguration of the Jacques‑Cartier‑Duvernay line in the 1980s incompatible with the servitudes?
D. Are the appellant’s proceedings abusive?
VI. Analysis
A. Did the Quebec Court of Appeal Err by Reassessing the Evidence?
[32] The appellant submits that the Court of Appeal reassessed the evidence in the absence of a palpable and overriding error in concluding at para. 22 that [translation] “the agreements and the acquittances . . . refer to servitudes for the construction of transmission lines between Jacques‑Cartier and Duvernay” (emphasis added). The appellant also claims that the court conducted its own research regarding Order in Council 720‑2016 of August 9, 2016 after the conclusion of oral argument. The respondents’ position on this point is not entirely clear. After acknowledging that the Court of Appeal [translation] “conducted a full, in‑depth analysis of all the evidence” (R.F., at para. 29), they submit that it did not reconsider any questions of fact and that its intervention in the trial judge’s findings presupposed the existence of a reviewable error.
[33] Absent a palpable and overriding error, an appellate court must refrain from interfering with findings of fact and findings of mixed fact and law made by the trial judge: Housen v. Nikolaisen, 2002 SCC 33, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 235, at paras. 10‑37; Benhaim v. St‑Germain, 2016 SCC 48, [2016] 2 S.C.R. 352. An error is palpable if it is plainly seen and if all the evidence need not be reconsidered in order to identify it, and is overriding if it has affected the result: H.L. v. Canada (Attorney General), 2005 SCC 25, [2005] 1 S.C.R. 401, at paras. 55‑56 and 69‑70; Salomon v. Matte‑Thompson, 2019 SCC 14, [2019] 1 S.C.R. 729, at para. 33. As Morissette J.A. so eloquently put it in J.G. v. Nadeau, 2016 QCCA 167, at para. 77 (CanLII), [translation] “a palpable and overriding error is in the nature not of a needle in a haystack, but of a beam in the eye. And it is impossible to confuse these last two notions”: quoted in Benhaim, at para. 39. The beam in the eye metaphor not only illustrates the obviousness of a reviewable error, but also connotes a misreading of the case whose impact on the decision is plain to see.
[34] The respondents submit that in itself the intervention of a court of appeal with regard to findings of fact or of mixed fact and law presupposes, at least implicitly, that the court first identified a palpable and overriding error. I disagree. The appellate court must point to a palpable and overriding error before such an intervention; otherwise, this Court, if it does not identify a reviewable error, must restore the trial judge’s decision: Schwartz v. Canada, [1996] 1 S.C.R. 254, at para. 36; H.L., at paras. 56 and 70; Quebec (Director of Criminal and Penal Prosecuti