What is the ratio in Keck and Mithouard?

National provisions restricting selling arrangements fall outside Article 34 TFEU if they apply equally to all traders and affect domestic and imported products equally in law and fact.

What did the court decide in Keck and Mithouard?

The ECJ decided that French prohibitions on resale at a loss were selling arrangements outside Article 34's scope, as they applied equally to all traders regardless of product origin.

Why is Keck and Mithouard important for free movement law?

It refined the overly broad Dassonville formula by distinguishing product requirements from selling arrangements, restoring balance between free movement and legitimate national regulation.

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