House of Lords established that appropriation in theft can occur even with the owner's consent, and dishonesty is a separate requirement from the act of appropriation.

Handyside v UK established the 'margin of appreciation' doctrine in European human rights law, allowing states discretion in restricting freedom of expression for moral protection. The case arose from the UK's prosecution of a publisher for distributing a controversial children's book, balancing free speech against protection of morals.

This case established the famous 'Wednesbury unreasonableness' test for judicial review of administrative decisions. It set the standard that courts can only overturn administrative decisions if they are so unreasonable that no reasonable authority could have reached them.

House of Lords establishes employer duty of mutual trust and confidence

Court establishes objective test for contractual agreement over subjective intentions

Justice must not only be done, but must manifestly be seen to be done.

Court establishes certainty requirement for charitable trusts and cy-près doctrine

Two shipwrecked sailors killed and ate their teenage cabin boy to survive at sea, then were charged with murder upon rescue. The court rejected the defence of necessity, establishing that necessity cannot justify taking an innocent life.

R v Kingston established that involuntary intoxication cannot provide a defence to criminal liability where the defendant still formed the necessary intent for the offence. The case clarified that moral involuntariness does not negate criminal responsibility if the required mens rea is present.

European Court held that criminalisation of private homosexual conduct between consenting adults violated Article 8 ECHR, leading to decriminalisation in Northern Ireland.

A couple underwent a vasectomy that was negligently performed. The wife subsequently became pregnant and gave birth to a healthy child. The House of Lords held that while damages for pain and suffering of pregnancy were recoverable, the costs of raising a healthy child were not recoverable as a matter of public policy.

A person intends the natural and probable consequences of their acts.

Court of Appeal case establishing the 'thin skull rule' and that a defendant must take their victim as they find them, including their religious beliefs.

R v G overturned the objective test for recklessness established in R v Caldwell, reinstating the subjective Cunningham test. The House of Lords held that a defendant is only reckless if they are aware of a risk and unreasonably decide to take it.

House of Lords establishes liability for omission after creating dangerous situation

National courts must interpret national law consistently with EU directives wherever possible.

R v Ghosh established the test for dishonesty in criminal law, requiring both objective and subjective elements. The case created a two-stage test that was fundamental to determining dishonesty in fraud and theft cases until the Supreme Court replaced its subjective second limb with a wholly objective test in Ivey v Genting Casinos [2017] UKSC 67.

House of Lords establishes neighbour principle and modern negligence law

Unlawful act manslaughter requires no foresight of harm by defendant

Theft conviction upheld despite valid civil law gift transfer

Actus reus can be satisfied by omission where legal duty to act exists

Agreements to negotiate in good faith are unenforceable due to uncertainty.

Court distinguishes fiduciary duties from professional negligence in landmark ruling

Performing existing duties provides no consideration for new contractual promises

Terms may be implied by law based on the nature of contractual relationships.

Judges cannot decide cases where they have any financial interest whatsoever.

Commercial agreements presumed to create legal relations despite 'ex gratia' descriptions.

Threats of criminal prosecution constitute duress rendering contracts voidable

House of Lords establishes three-stage test for duty of care in negligence

Consent no defence to serious harm in sadomasochistic sexual activities

Deception about payment to prostitute does not vitiate consent to sexual intercourse.

Statutory schemes override prerogative powers in the same field.

Terms necessary for business efficacy will be implied based on presumed common intention.

Equity enforces secret trusts to prevent fraud despite apparent contradiction of statutory formalities.

Local authorities must act reasonably, owing fiduciary duty to ratepayers.