The earliest surviving institutional textbook of Roman law — Gaius' tripartite scheme of persons, things, and actions.

Oral dispositions of equitable interests are void without writing under s53(1)(c)

Actus reus can be satisfied by omission where legal duty to act exists

National courts must interpret national law consistently with EU directives wherever possible.

Courts must examine reality of work relationship over written contract terms

House of Lords clarifies when appeals courts can overturn family judges' discretionary decisions

Contracts for equitable interests need separate written disposition despite specific enforceability

Member states are liable in damages for losses caused by failure to implement EU directives.

Informal family arrangements can create binding contracts with sufficient evidence of intention.

House of Lords refines Bolam test requiring logical basis for medical opinions

The official institutional textbook of the Justinianic codification — part of the Corpus Juris Civilis.

Member States liable in damages for breaches of EU law under certain conditions

Contractual interpretation focuses on what reasonable person would understand, not linguistic technicalities

Contribution arguments rarely justify departure from equality principle in financial provision.

House of Lords creates broad two-stage test for duty of care

Civil standard applies in care proceedings but probability varies with allegation seriousness.

Educational professionals owe duty of care for special educational needs advice

Legal duty plus additional benefit can constitute valid consideration for contract formation.

EU Treaty provisions can create directly enforceable individual rights in national courts.

Justice must not only be done, but must manifestly be seen to be done.

Assignment of contractual rights and exceptions to the privity rule in construction contracts

Terms may be implied by law based on the nature of contractual relationships.