EU Law: FHS-style practice paper

"The doctrine of direct effect transformed the EU treaties from an agreement between sovereign states into a new legal order with enforceable individual rights." Discuss the development and limits of direct effect with reference to the case law.

Directive 2025/99 requires Member States to ensure that all workers receive a minimum of 30 days' annual leave. The UK has not implemented the directive by the deadline. Alex works for the NHS and has been refused 30 days' leave. Beth works for TechCorp Ltd, a private company, and has the same problem. Chris works for PowerGrid plc, a privatised electricity company that operates under a government licence with special regulatory powers. Advise Alex, Beth, and Chris.

"EU citizenship was destined to be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States (Grzelczyk). Critically assess whether the CJEU has fulfilled this promise."

Freedonia, a Member State, bans the sale of all energy drinks containing more than 150mg of caffeine per serving, citing public health concerns. CaffeineCo, a producer of energy drinks lawfully marketed in other Member States (containing 200mg caffeine), is excluded from the Freedonian market. Advise CaffeineCo as to whether the ban is compatible with EU law on the free movement of goods.