Court of Appeal establishes four essential characteristics test for easements

Implied easements automatically pass when landowner sells part of property

Easements can be created by implied grant following landlord's permission to tenant.

Easements must benefit land itself, not just provide personal commercial advantage

Easements can be implied by necessity for reasonable enjoyment of property.

Contracts for equitable interests need separate written disposition despite specific enforceability

Easements can exist for commercial purposes, including advertising signs on neighbouring property.

Woman gains property interest through detrimental reliance despite no financial contribution

Court rejects easement claim for vehicle storage as too extensive

Easements acquired by prescription require use 'as of right' not actual right

Cannot take benefit of deed without accepting corresponding burdens - mutual benefit and burden

Proprietary estoppel may fail where equity has been satisfied by acquiescence

Contractual licences with equity can bind third party purchasers with notice

Restrictive covenants can bind future landowners in equity despite lack of privity

Property rights require definiteness, identifiability, and third-party enforceability to constitute proprietary interests.

Proprietary estoppel can grant full ownership where reliance and detriment are sufficiently substantial.

Proprietary estoppel creates enforceable rights where assurance induces detrimental reliance on property

Burden of positive covenants cannot run with freehold land at law or equity

Proprietary estoppel can create an interest in land equivalent to an estate contract

Joint tenancy can be severed by act of party, mutual agreement, or course of dealing.

Uncertain terms granted to individuals take effect as 90-year tenancies under s.149(6) LPA 1925.

Equity treats valid lease agreements as if leases already granted

Son who built on father's land acquired equitable interest through proprietary estoppel

Beneficiaries' occupation rights cannot override trustees' statutory sale powers

House of Lords rules tenancies can exist without proprietary rights

Imperfect gift of land perfected by donee's detrimental reliance and improvements

Oral dispositions of equitable interests are void without writing under s53(1)(c)

Section 78 LPA 1925 automatically annexes covenant benefits to land

Beneficial interests in family homes require financial contributions or clear common intention