Tulk v Moxhay established that restrictive covenants relating to land can bind successor owners in equity, even if they are not parties to the original covenant. This landmark case created the principle that equitable obligations can run with land where there is notice and the covenant is negative in nature.

Rhone v Stephens established that the burden of positive covenants cannot run with freehold land in English law. The House of Lords refused to overturn this long-standing principle, leaving reform to Parliament rather than judicial development.

The Court of Appeal established the fundamental principle that the burden of positive covenants cannot run with freehold land at law or in equity.

The Court of Appeal held that the burden of a restrictive covenant could not run to a third party who was not an original party to the covenant, establishing important limits on covenant enforcement.

Supreme Court case qualifying the strict certainty requirement from Lace v Chantler. An agreement terminable only on specified grounds took effect at common law as a tenancy for life, which s.149(6) of the Law of Property Act 1925 converted into a 90-year determinable term.

Court of Appeal decision that the benefit of restrictive covenants can pass automatically with land under s.78 Law of Property Act 1925 without express assignment.

Hill v Tupper established the fundamental principle that easements must accommodate and benefit the dominant tenement, not merely provide a personal or commercial advantage. The case demonstrates that rights which are purely personal or commercial in nature cannot constitute easements over land.

Lloyds Bank v Rosset established the definitive test for determining when a person can claim a beneficial interest in property owned by another through constructive trust. The case clarified that such interests can only arise through direct contributions to purchase price or mortgage payments, or through express agreements coupled with detrimental reliance.

Established the requirement that lease terms must be certain in duration. A lease 'for the duration of the war' was held invalid for uncertainty, leaving only a weekly periodic tenancy determinable by notice.

Burns v Burns established that mere cohabitation and domestic contributions without financial contributions to property acquisition do not create beneficial interests under resulting or constructive trusts. The case highlighted the harsh consequences for unmarried partners who lack legal protection for property rights.

Cannot take benefit of deed without accepting corresponding burdens - mutual benefit and burden

Established the three methods by which joint tenancy can be severed to create tenancy in common. The case remains the foundational authority on severance of joint tenancy in English land law.

A father gave his son a deed of gift for land, and the son spent money improving it in reliance on the gift. The court held the son acquired an equitable interest despite defects in the legal conveyance.

Restraint of trade covenants must be reasonable between parties and serve public interest.

Proprietary estoppel may fail where equity has been satisfied by acquiescence

Established that easements can exist for commercial purposes, specifically the right to hang an advertising sign on neighbouring property. This case broadened the scope of what constitutes an easement beyond purely domestic convenience.

House of Lords restricts Rylands v Fletcher liability to truly exceptional land uses

Wheeldon v Burrows established the rule that when a landowner sells part of their land, certain easements that were previously used for the benefit of the sold land will automatically pass to the purchaser. This case created an important exception to the general rule that easements must be expressly granted.

Hypothetical bargain damages available where traditional loss-based damages inadequate.

Walsh v Lonsdale established that where there is an agreement to grant a lease that satisfies the requirements of equity, equity will treat the parties as if the lease had already been granted. This created the doctrine that 'equity looks on that as done which ought to be done' in landlord and tenant law.

Long-term exclusive dealing agreements may constitute unreasonable restraints of trade.

Proprietary estoppel can create an interest in land equivalent to an estate contract

The claimant mortgaged property with a 40-year postponement of the right to redeem. The court held that equity's doctrine against clogs on the equity of redemption does not invalidate all postponements of redemption; such terms are valid unless oppressive, unconscionable, or amount to a clog. A lengthy postponement is not automatically void if freely negotiated.

Copeland v Greenhalf established important limits on what rights can exist as easements over land. The case determined that a right to store vehicles on another's land was too extensive to qualify as an easement, as it would effectively deprive the landowner of possession and use of their property.

Equity prevents enforcement of rights where party induced reliance on representations.

Contractual licences with equity can bind third party purchasers with notice

This case established that mortgagees have a duty to take reasonable care to obtain the proper market value when selling mortgaged property, even though they can choose when to sell. The Court of Appeal held that while mortgagees are not trustees for mortgagors, they owe a duty of care in conducting the sale to achieve the best price reasonably obtainable.

House of Lords rules tenancies can exist without proprietary rights

This case established that beneficiaries with equitable interests in trust property cannot assert overriding interests against a purchaser when trustees exercise their statutory powers of sale, even if the beneficiaries are in actual occupation. The House of Lords ruled that proper consultation of trustees is sufficient to overreach beneficiary interests, protecting purchasers and the marketability of land.

Agreements to negotiate in good faith are unenforceable due to uncertainty.

House of Lords creates definitive test for lease versus licence distinction

Onerous exclusion clauses need special notice - the more unusual, the greater the notice required.

Contractual licences are generally personal rights that cannot bind third party purchasers of land.

Course of dealing must be consistent and well-established to incorporate exclusion clauses automatically.

Threefold classification of gifts to unincorporated associations; synagogue land held on valid charitable trust.

Courts can strike down unconscionable mortgage terms beyond traditional penalty clauses

Chief Rabbi clause valid; expert determination can cure conceptual uncertainty in trusts