A Dutch national was refused entry to the UK because of her association with the Church of Scientology. The ECJ held that Article 48 EEC and Directive 64/221 could have direct effect, allowing individuals to rely on them in national courts. However, public policy derogations permitted member states to refuse entry based on personal conduct.

House of Lords rules prerogative powers subject to judicial review

This case established that a defendant property owner cannot claim contributory negligence against a burglar injured while trespassing on their property. The Court of Appeal held that while property owners can use reasonable force to protect their property, they cannot reduce damages by arguing the burglar contributed to their own injury through the criminal act of burglary.

Ministers cannot adopt blanket policies that fetter discretionary statutory powers.

Courts must objectively determine jurisdictional facts in immigration detention cases.

Home Secretary cannot abuse statutory powers to punish lawful licence purchases

Ratification of Maastricht Treaty a non-justiciable matter of high policy.

Courts cannot invalidate Acts of Parliament regardless of international law breaches.

Ministers cannot use prerogative powers to frustrate Parliament's statutory scheme

Judges must be independent and appear independent; undisclosed interests invalidate judicial decisions.

Ministers cannot refuse to exercise statutory powers for improper purposes

No injunction for confidential information already in public domain

Defendants can challenge bye-law validity as defence in criminal proceedings.

Courts can review admin decisions despite ouster clauses if jurisdictional error found

Crown and ministers can be held in contempt of court

Court establishes landmark test for challenging unreasonable government decisions

Court may grant declaratory relief concerning prerogative of mercy despite no power to compel pardon

Private bodies exercising public functions can face judicial review

Pre-HRA courts cannot directly apply European Convention rights in judicial review.