The claimant sought judicial review claiming legitimate expectation based on statements in a White Paper regarding assisted places at independent schools. The Court of Appeal held that to establish legitimate expectation, there must be a clear and unambiguous representation made to a specific individual or group, not general policy statements in government documents.

The Court of Appeal held that a health authority's decision to close a NHS facility and relocate disabled residents breached legitimate expectations created by previous promises. This landmark case established important principles about when public bodies can resile from commitments made to individuals.

The court established guidelines for unfair prejudice petitions, emphasizing that legitimate expectations must be based on agreements or established practices, not mere hopes.

Hong Kong immigration officers made representations to illegal immigrants from Macau that each case would be considered individually before removal. The Privy Council held that such representations gave rise to a legitimate expectation of a hearing, even though no legal right to one existed. This established that procedural fairness may be required where clear undertakings are given by public authorities.

Liverpool Corporation increased the number of taxi licences without consulting existing licence holders who had relied on assurances that no increase would occur. The Court of Appeal held that public authorities must act fairly and consult affected parties before changing established policies, even absent a legal duty to do so.

Court establishes objective test for contractual agreement over subjective intentions

The High Court established the strict liability framework for defective products under the Consumer Protection Act 1987, ruling that infected blood products were defective regardless of scientific knowledge limitations.

Commercial agreements presumed to create legal relations despite 'ex gratia' descriptions.

House of Lords established that prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment have a right to know the reasons for the Home Secretary's decision on their minimum tariff period.

Re Citro established that when considering whether to order the sale of a family home under section 30 of the Law of Property Act 1925, the interests of children are a relevant factor but do not automatically outweigh the rights of creditors. The case clarified that postponing sale indefinitely is not appropriate where bankruptcy trustees seek to realize assets.

Court establishes classic definition of consideration requiring benefit or detriment

Restrictive covenants can bind future landowners in equity despite lack of privity

Court establishes three certainties doctrine for valid trust creation

Equity enforces secret trusts to prevent fraud despite apparent contradiction of statutory formalities.

Promissory estoppel can found a cause of action in Australian law where unconscionable reliance occurs

Justice must not only be done, but must manifestly be seen to be done.

Equity prevents enforcement of rights where party induced reliance on representations.

Proprietary estoppel creates enforceable rights where assurance induces detrimental reliance on property

House of Lords establishes three-stage test for duty of care in negligence

Proprietary estoppel may fail where equity has been satisfied by acquiescence

Family arrangements presumed to lack contractual intention despite presence of consideration.

Supreme Court recasts SAAMCO and widens focus on scope of duty

Contractual interpretation focuses on what reasonable person would understand, not linguistic technicalities