Public authorities may owe duties of care when exercising statutory functions.

Statutory schemes override prerogative powers in the same field.

State liability extends to legislative acts where breach manifestly and gravely disregards EU law.

Ministers cannot refuse to exercise statutory powers for improper purposes

Police services beyond public duty constitute valid consideration for contractual obligations.

Ministers cannot adopt blanket policies that fetter discretionary statutory powers.

EU directives may be enforced against state entities and emanations of the state.

Police owe no general duty of care to individuals in crime prevention.

Local authorities can owe duty of care for child welfare decisions

Crown liable to compensate for property destroyed under wartime prerogative powers.

Courts cannot invalidate Acts of Parliament regardless of international law breaches.

Police owe no duty of care to protect individuals from third party harm.

House of Lords rules prerogative powers subject to judicial review

Ministers cannot use prerogative powers to frustrate Parliament's statutory scheme

EU directives can have direct effect; free movement restrictions require present personal conduct threats

Public authorities generally owe no duty of care for omissions absent special circumstances

Pension trustees must put financial returns before political ideology

Educational professionals owe duty of care for special educational needs advice

House of Lords creates broad two-stage test for duty of care

Ratification of Maastricht Treaty a non-justiciable matter of high policy.

Local authorities must act reasonably, owing fiduciary duty to ratepayers.

Judges must be independent and appear independent; undisclosed interests invalidate judicial decisions.