Contract Law

The bilateral mechanism by which parties manifest mutual assent to be bound.

The doctrinal tests governing contractual definiteness and the intention to be legally bound.

The doctrinal architecture of consideration — what counts, what does not, and how promissory estoppel softens the rule on existing duties.

How parties' express and implied obligations together constitute the contractual content that governs their rights.

Common law control and statutory intervention in the use of exclusion and limitation clauses.

The actionability of false statements inducing contracts and their remedial consequences.

A comprehensive examination of common mistake, mutual mistake, and unilateral mistake at common law and in equity, with detailed analysis of the narrow scope for relief and recent doctrinal tensions

When consent is vitiated by illegitimate pressure or the exploitation of trust and vulnerability.

Contracts contrary to law and public policy — the Patel v Mirza framework, the doctrinal categories, and the modern law on illegality.

The doctrine of privity, the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, and the surviving common-law exceptions.

The doctrine of substantial performance, the rules on entire and divisible obligations, and anticipatory breach.

How supervening events discharge contractual obligations when performance becomes radically different.

Robinson v Harman, the expectation measure, the reliance alternative, remoteness in Hadley v Baxendale and The Achilleas, and the Wrotham Park / Morris-Garner negotiating damages.

The twin doctrines that limit damages recovery by causation and claimant conduct.

Equitable remedies compelling performance or restraining breach where damages are inadequate.

The law of unjust enrichment as a restitutionary remedy at the boundaries of contract.