Tulk v Moxhay established that restrictive covenants relating to land can bind successor owners in equity, even if they are not parties to the original covenant. This landmark case created the principle that equitable obligations can run with land where there is notice and the covenant is negative in nature.

Rhone v Stephens established that the burden of positive covenants cannot run with freehold land in English law. The House of Lords refused to overturn this long-standing principle, leaving reform to Parliament rather than judicial development.

The Court of Appeal held that the burden of a restrictive covenant could not run to a third party who was not an original party to the covenant, establishing important limits on covenant enforcement.

The Court of Appeal established the fundamental principle that the burden of positive covenants cannot run with freehold land at law or in equity.

Supreme Court case qualifying the strict certainty requirement from Lace v Chantler. An agreement terminable only on specified grounds took effect at common law as a tenancy for life, which s.149(6) of the Law of Property Act 1925 converted into a 90-year determinable term.

Court of Appeal decision that the benefit of restrictive covenants can pass automatically with land under s.78 Law of Property Act 1925 without express assignment.

Court of Appeal clarified the distinction between contractual licences and leases, and held that contractual licences cannot normally bind third parties as proprietary interests.

Hill v Tupper established the fundamental principle that easements must accommodate and benefit the dominant tenement, not merely provide a personal or commercial advantage. The case demonstrates that rights which are purely personal or commercial in nature cannot constitute easements over land.

Lloyds Bank v Rosset established the definitive test for determining when a person can claim a beneficial interest in property owned by another through constructive trust. The case clarified that such interests can only arise through direct contributions to purchase price or mortgage payments, or through express agreements coupled with detrimental reliance.

Established the requirement that lease terms must be certain in duration. A lease 'for the duration of the war' was held invalid for uncertainty, leaving only a weekly periodic tenancy determinable by notice.

Burns v Burns established that mere cohabitation and domestic contributions without financial contributions to property acquisition do not create beneficial interests under resulting or constructive trusts. The case highlighted the harsh consequences for unmarried partners who lack legal protection for property rights.

Proprietary estoppel can create an interest in land equivalent to an estate contract

Cannot take benefit of deed without accepting corresponding burdens - mutual benefit and burden

Established the three methods by which joint tenancy can be severed to create tenancy in common. The case remains the foundational authority on severance of joint tenancy in English land law.

A father gave his son a deed of gift for land, and the son spent money improving it in reliance on the gift. The court held the son acquired an equitable interest despite defects in the legal conveyance.

House of Lords creates definitive test for lease versus licence distinction

Established that easements can exist for commercial purposes, specifically the right to hang an advertising sign on neighbouring property. This case broadened the scope of what constitutes an easement beyond purely domestic convenience.

Wheeldon v Burrows established the rule that when a landowner sells part of their land, certain easements that were previously used for the benefit of the sold land will automatically pass to the purchaser. This case created an important exception to the general rule that easements must be expressly granted.

House of Lords rules tenancies can exist without proprietary rights

Walsh v Lonsdale established that where there is an agreement to grant a lease that satisfies the requirements of equity, equity will treat the parties as if the lease had already been granted. This created the doctrine that 'equity looks on that as done which ought to be done' in landlord and tenant law.

Contractual licences with equity can bind third party purchasers with notice

Proprietary estoppel may fail where equity has been satisfied by acquiescence

The claimant mortgaged property with a 40-year postponement of the right to redeem. The court held that equity's doctrine against clogs on the equity of redemption does not invalidate all postponements of redemption; such terms are valid unless oppressive, unconscionable, or amount to a clog. A lengthy postponement is not automatically void if freely negotiated.

Long-term exclusive dealing agreements may constitute unreasonable restraints of trade.

House of Lords pierces sham separate agreements to find joint tenancy

Restraint of trade covenants must be reasonable between parties and serve public interest.

Courts will disregard artificial contractual terms that do not reflect the reality of occupation.

High Court case establishing that mortgage terms imposing excessive financial burdens may be struck down as unconscionable, extending equitable relief beyond traditional penalties.

Assignment of contractual rights and exceptions to the privity rule in construction contracts

House of Lords rules leases must have certain duration to be valid

Contracts for equitable interests need separate written disposition despite specific enforceability

Third parties cannot enforce contracts made for their benefit

House of Lords restricts Rylands v Fletcher liability to truly exceptional land uses

Equity prevents enforcement of rights where party induced reliance on representations.

Course of dealing must be consistent and well-established to incorporate exclusion clauses automatically.