The Court of Appeal established the test for third party liability in breach of trust cases, requiring either dishonest assistance or knowing receipt.

House of Lords case establishing key principles of joint enterprise liability. The case clarified when secondary parties can be liable for crimes committed by principals that go beyond the originally contemplated joint venture.

Employers vicariously liable for employee's unauthorised but connected acts during employment.

The Court of Appeal established a single test for knowing receipt: whether the recipient's knowledge made it unconscionable to retain the benefit.

Tortfeasor not liable for losses from unrelated supervening illness

No liability for damage to property already damaged by another tortfeasor.

Concurrent liability in contract and tort possible; Hedley Byrne extends to services.

Council liable for children's injuries from abandoned boat despite unforeseeable accident method

Nervous shock liability extends to 'immediate aftermath' of accidents

Tortfeasor liable for full damages despite victim's subsequent unrelated injury

Mere presence at scene of crime insufficient for secondary liability without encouragement or assistance

No vicarious liability when employee acts for unauthorized third party's benefit.

Employers liable for employees' torts despite express prohibitions if within employment scope.

Hospitals can be directly liable for negligent medical treatment provided within their institutions.

Occupiers liable for continuing third-party nuisances they know about.

Contracting parties can recover substantial damages for third party property damage

Burden of restrictive covenant cannot run to bind third parties not original covenantor

Cannot take benefit of deed without accepting corresponding burdens - mutual benefit and burden

House of Lords establishes three-stage test for duty of care in negligence

No general duty to prevent third parties causing harm; liability requires special circumstances.

House of Lords establishes liability for negligent misstatement in special relationships

Unintentional personal injury claims must be brought in negligence, not trespass.

House of Lords limits damages for failed sterilisation cases involving disabled parents

Divisible injury: damages apportioned where only part of harm attributable to defendant's breach

Professional's disclaimer of liability for negligent advice held unreasonable under UCTA.

Duty of care extends to pure economic loss for defective flooring where special relationship exists