Roxburgh J held that non-charitable purpose trusts are generally void for lack of beneficiaries who can enforce them. The case established the beneficiary principle as a fundamental requirement for private trusts.

House of Lords decision establishing that trusts for the relief of poverty can benefit a defined class of people and still be charitable, even if the class appears narrow or connected to the settlor.

Court of Appeal decision establishing that trusts for the advancement of religion among a restricted class can be charitable, provided the restriction relates to faith rather than creating an essentially private trust.

This case established the test for charitable purposes under the fourth head of charity - purposes beneficial to the community. The House of Lords held that a trust to provide education for employees' children was not charitable because the beneficiaries were defined by reference to their relationship with a particular company, making the class not sufficiently public.

Court of Appeal decision establishing that charitable purposes must be exclusively charitable, with no significant non-charitable purposes. The case clarified the modern approach to the exclusivity requirement for charitable trusts.

Court of Appeal decision establishing that educational trusts must benefit a sufficient section of the public and cannot be restricted to employees of a particular company or their relatives to maintain charitable status.

Morice v Bishop of Durham established the fundamental principle that charitable trusts must have purposes that are sufficiently certain and capable of being carried out by the court. The case created the foundational test for charitable trust validity and the cy-près doctrine in English law.

Cross J classified gifts to unincorporated associations in three ways: as absolute gifts to present members, as gifts to members subject to their contractual obligations under the association's rules, or as trusts for the association's purposes, valid only if those purposes are charitable. He held the Catford Synagogue's land was held on a valid charitable trust. The case laid groundwork for the contract-holding theory.

Court of Appeal confirmed that non-charitable purpose trusts are generally void, rejecting arguments for extending the anomalous exceptions. The case reinforced the strict application of the beneficiary principle established in Re Astor.

Re Denley's Trust Deed established the validity of purpose trusts that confer direct benefits on ascertainable individuals, creating an exception to the rule against non-charitable purpose trusts. The case involved a trust to maintain recreational facilities for employees, which was held valid because the employees had sufficient interest to enforce it.

House of Lords decision establishing the four heads of charity based on the Charitable Uses Act 1601. This foundational case created the classification system that dominated charity law for over a century.

Gifts to unincorporated associations valid as beneficial gifts to members under contract-holding theory.

Secret trusts can be established by clear evidence of intention, communication and acceptance.

Secret trusts bind trustees despite beneficial gifts under wills

Chief Rabbi clause valid; expert determination can cure conceptual uncertainty in trusts

Discretionary trusts required complete list of all possible beneficiaries for validity.

Beneficiaries cannot compel trustees to disclose reasons for exercising discretionary powers.

Incomplete trust dispositions cannot escape beneficial ownership for tax purposes

House of Lords clarifies crucial distinction between trusts and powers

Trustee cannot claim benefit of doubt when mixing trust funds with own money

House of Lords relaxes certainty test for discretionary trusts

Mistaken payments create immediate constructive trusts giving equitable proprietary interests.

Company can create trust of customer deposits by segregation with clear trust intention.

Discretionary trusts valid if clear cases identifiable despite uncertain borderline cases.

Equity enforces secret trusts to prevent fraud despite apparent contradiction of statutory formalities.

Half-secret trusts valid if terms communicated before or contemporaneously with will execution.

Resulting trusts can be displaced by trustee conduct evidencing express trust intention

Imperfect gifts cannot be rescued by implying declaration of trust

Adult beneficiaries can terminate trusts early and demand transfer of assets