Contractual interpretation focuses on what reasonable person would understand, not linguistic technicalities

House of Lords allows courts to consult Hansard for statutory interpretation

Courts must examine reality of work relationship over written contract terms

Court establishes objective test for contractual agreement over subjective intentions

A police officer can be guilty of misconduct in public office by wilful omission of duty

Privity exception restricted: third party loss recovery limited to genuine agency.

Forbearance to sue can constitute consideration even if claim would fail

Justice must not only be done, but must manifestly be seen to be done.

National courts must interpret national law consistently with EU directives wherever possible.

Social utility of conduct affects negligence standard during emergencies.

Court creates personal remedy against innocent recipients of wrongly distributed estate funds

Terms may be implied by law based on the nature of contractual relationships.

No one should be condemned unheard - natural justice requires fair hearing.

Third parties cannot enforce contracts made for their benefit

Court of Appeal establishes contractual test for constructive dismissal claims

House of Lords establishes 'radical change' test for frustration of contracts

Contracting parties can recover substantial damages for third party property damage

A person intends the natural and probable consequences of their acts.

Calling a term a 'condition' doesn't automatically make it a condition in law.

Informal family arrangements can create binding contracts with sufficient evidence of intention.

EU directives can have direct effect; free movement restrictions require present personal conduct threats

Novus actus interveniens breaks chain of causation where negligent act is not foreseeable consequence

Legitimate expectation requires clear, unambiguous representation to specific individual or group